The study explores the development, scale, and nationality of translations of literary works into Arabic, tracing the historical and cultural trajectories that shaped this dynamic field. Beginning with the Abbasid Golden Age, when the translation movement flourished under institutional support, the analysis identifies pivotal periods of growth and shifts in focus. It examines how globalization, regional politics, and the rise of Arab literary institutions influenced the scale of translations in modern times. The study also highlights the national origins of translated works, revealing dominant trends, such as the prominence of European literature during colonial and post-colonial periods, and the growing interest in Asian, African, and Latin American literatures in recent decades. Through qualitative and quantitative methodologies, the paper underscores the role of translation as a vehicle for cultural exchange, intellectual enrichment, and the construction of Arab literary identity in an interconnected world.

This study explores the factors influencing a parent’s capacity to attend visitations after a care order is imposed on their child. A qualitative approach was adopted, utilizing semi-structured interviews with 30 participants, including 15 parents who had experienced a care order, 10 social workers, and 5 legal professionals. The research identifies key psychological, emotional, socioeconomic, and logistical barriers that impact visitation attendance, including anxiety, depression, financial difficulties, and lack of support services. Findings suggest that emotional distress and socioeconomic strain significantly hinder parental participation, while access to structured support services, such as counseling and transportation assistance, positively influences visitation engagement. The study highlights the importance of a collaborative approach involving social services, legal professionals, and mental health support to enhance parental capacity and improve outcomes for family reunification. These insights underscore the need for comprehensive, multifaceted interventions to support parents in meeting the demands of the care order system and restoring their relationships with their children.

This study explores how Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT). It is integrated with digital tools, enhances student creativity and combats the widespread issue of copy-paste culture. Drawing from postmethod pedagogy, digital literacy frameworks, and motivational theories, the research highlights how well-designed tasks encourage authentic engagement and foster original thinking. Using classroom data and practical examples, the paper illustrates how digital-era tasks—such as multimodal storytelling, collaborative project creation, and real-world problem-solving—promote autonomy, reduce plagiarism, and increase student investment in language learning. The paper concludes with recommendations for implementing TBLT effectively in technologically enriched environments.

The paper involves the data about modular teaching of blue-green division in the module of Tallobiontha. So modular teaching is one of the promising systems of teaching, as it is best adapted to the system of developing the cognitive capabilities and creative abilities of learners. With the help of the module program, students, working in small groups and working together, will learn about the characteristics of the Blue-Green Algae Division. It means the reason of algae rapid reproduction in plankton, determines their role in human life and nature.

Food security is foundational to sustainable development, critically influencing economic stability, public health, and environmental preservation. Rivers State, located in Nigeria's Niger Delta, is rich in natural resources yet grapples with persistent food security challenges exacerbated by industrial activities, environmental degradation, and socio-economic disparities. The study examines industrial pollution’s effect on agriculture, evaluating environmental and economic challenges to aquaculture, and exploring public health impacts to propose actionable strategies. This research is grounded in Political Ecology Theory and the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework, providing a comprehensive lens to understand how the aforementioned factors influence environmental and food security outcomes. A qualitative research design was employed, utilizing an extensive literature review and stakeholder interviews across strategic Local Government Areas (LGAs). Data was gathered from community members, policymakers, and environmental experts, with thematic analysis used to identify patterns and derive meaningful insights. Findings revealed that traditional farming methods and limited financial resources limit agricultural productivity in Rivers State, oil spills and gas flaring have severely impacted arable land and waterways, poverty and limited market access worsen food insecurity, youth disengagement from agriculture remains a concern, and rapid urbanisation and population growth have strained resources. Thus the study recommends modernizing agriculture through financial and educational support, enforcing environmental regulations, promoting climate adaptation strategies, and engaging youth in agriculture. Additionally, sustainable urban planning and community-based initiatives are critical for long-term resilience.

This article highlights the theory and practice of using interactive methods to activate the cognitive activity of students, increase the effectiveness of teaching in the process of teaching the subject biology.

This article examines the principles of sustainable digital design as a holistic approach to web‐product development, wherein each interface optimization considers not only user experience and business metrics but also the material costs of computation, data transmission, and rendering. The relevance of this work is driven by the rapid increase in energy consumption of data centers and user devices under the influence of digitalization, and by the necessity to minimize the carbon footprint of web services amid constraints of the “green” energy system and social responsibility for product accessibility. It seeks to organize and measure important ways of eco-friendly web design—the choices of loading, dark styles, graphic types, shortening and shaking trees, client or server rendering options, adaptive delivery of content, and CO₂ budgets—based on their effects on speed, energy used by devices, and the environment. For this purpose, a careful look at industry reports, acade͏mic tests, and real-world studies was done, plus a metric comparison from the Web Almanac Core, Web Vitals, and lab tests. The novelty of this work lies in integrating ecological, economic, and technical metrics into a unified methodology. For each technique, comparable numerical estimates of carbon‐emission reduction and business‐efficiency gains are presented, and recommendations are developed for their combined application within the CO₂ budget of first‐screen delivery. Key findings indicate that activating lazy loading with a single HTML attribute can reduce transferred data volume and improve Time to Interactive by 20–30%; employing a dark theme on OLED displays under bright lighting can decrease display power consumption by up to 47%; and replacing PNG images with SVG sprites can reduce graphic payload by 60–80%. This article will be valuable to web designers, front‐end developers, product managers, and IT strategists seeking to marry high interface performance with a minimal

carbon footprint.

This article contains information on the methods of effective lesson planning and organization of classes using modular educational technology, as well as on how to achieve high efficiency indicators in the mastering of the topics presented in the module by students in the discipline of microbiology and virology.

This study investigates the sustainable management of Nigeria’s critical resources, focusing on the integration of technological advancements, economic growth, and national security. Given Nigeria's heavy reliance on oil, the study addresses the challenges of resource management, including corruption, environmental degradation, and economic diversification. The aim is to propose strategies that balance these factors, ensuring long-term stability and prosperity. Methodologically, the study employs a comparative literature review as well as analysis of resource management practices in Nigeria and other resource-rich nations such as Angola, Ghana, South Africa, Norway, Canada, and Australia. This approach allows for the identification of best practices and lessons applicable to Nigeria. The results reveal that while modern technologies like remote sensing and blockchain can enhance efficiency and transparency in resource management, their implementation is hindered by infrastructural and financial challenges. Moreover, the study highlights the necessity of economic diversification and robust environmental governance to reduce Nigeria’s dependency on oil and mitigate associated social inequalities. The study recommends adopting governance reforms, strengthening environmental regulations, and enhancing local content policies to ensure equitable resource distribution and sustainable development. These strategies, if implemented, will align technological advancements with economic growth and national security objectives.

This study was designed to examine the impact of principals' transformative leadership approach on teachers' discipline in secondary schools in Fako Division, South West Region of Cameroon. The study was guided by one objective which examined how principals' transformational leadership approach impacts teachers' discipline in secondary schools in Fako Division. The Contingency Leadership Theory by Fiedler F. E. (1964) was used for the study. The mixed method approach was used most specifically the explanatory sequential design. A questionnaire and interview guide were the instruments used for the study. The questionnaire consisted of closed ended questions for teachers while the interview guide for principals. consisted structured questions. The sample population for the study was made up of 50 teachers and 3 principals in secondary schools in the Fako Division. The purposive and simple random sampling techniques were adopted for the study. Data from the closed ended questions were analysed using SPSS 23.0 with the aid of descriptive and inferential statistical tools while interview was analysed thematically. The Spearman’s rho tool was used to test the research hypotheses formulated in the study.  Findings show that a significant majority (70%) feel motivated under transformational leadership, while only 30% disagree. The hypothetical statistics showed that there is a significant, positive and moderate influence on transformational leadership approach on teachers’ discipline in secondary schools in the Fako Division.  (R- value 0.207**, p-value < 0.001 < 0.05). The positive sign of the correlation value implies that Principals transformational leadership approach will encourage teachers’ discipline on school matters and this is supported with an explanatory power of 32.9% (Nagelkerke statistics= 0.329). Thus, the null hypothesis was rejected while the alternative which states that, there is a significant influence transformational leadership approach on teachers’ discipline in secondary schools in Fak Division. Therefore, it was generally recommended that, for the effective school functioning, principals should endeavor to implement discipline and relate with the teachers for an active school performance.

This article explores the evolution of population migration and outlines the stages of this process as defined by scholars. Furthermore, it analyzes definitions of the term "migration" proposed by both domestic and international researchers and offers an original authorial definition of the concept.

This article analyzes the relationship between legal language translation and cultural elements. The author highlights the existence of cultural deficiencies in the process of legal language translation and their significance in cross-cultural communication. The article discusses how cross-cultural differences and cultural elements impact legal language, as well as how to address the cultural gaps that arise in translation. The analysis sheds light on the unique characteristics of legal terminology, their meanings, and the necessity of interpreting them correctly within various cultural contexts. The article also provides recommendations for improving cross-cultural understanding and ensuring effective legal communication in legal translation. This work is of significant importance to professionals in the fields of legal linguistics and cultural studies.

Personnel management in security organizations represents a critical determinant of operational effectiveness, particularly within complex multi-agency environments. This research investigates the intricate dynamics of personnel management at the Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA) in Nigeria, examining the intersection of recruitment, training, inter-agency collaboration, performance management, and retention strategies in a high-stakes security context. Employing a quantitative research design with stratified random sampling, the study surveyed 400 participants, equally comprising civilian staff and military personnel from the Nigerian Army, Navy, and Air Force. The methodology utilized semi-structured questionnaires and multiple regression analysis to explore the relationships between various personnel management practices and organizational effectiveness. The findings reveal significant insights into the challenges and opportunities within Nigeria's security sector. The research demonstrates that recruitment and selection processes, training and development programs, inter-agency collaboration, performance management, and retention strategies collectively explain 82.3% of the variance in personnel management effectiveness. Each factor demonstrated statistically significant positive correlations with overall organizational performance. Key observations include the critical importance of transparent recruitment practices, continuous professional development, effective inter-agency communication, robust performance evaluation systems, and targeted retention strategies. The study highlights the unique challenges of managing a workforce comprising both civilian and military personnel, emphasizing the need for tailored approaches that recognize the distinct motivations and requirements of different staff categories. The research contributes valuable empirical evidence to the understanding of personnel management in multi-agency security initiatives. By identifying specific mechanisms to enhance human resource practices, the study offers actionable recommendations for improving operational coordination, employee satisfaction, and ultimately, national security effectiveness.

This study revealed that spatial-temporal representations are not stably formed in preschool children with alalia. They do not develop without special education, which complicates the process of formation of language tools expressing spatial-temporal relations and the possibility of using them in oral speech. This situation determined the need to create a system of speech therapy work to develop representations of spatial-temporal relations in preschool children with alalia. The results of the study made it possible to develop two main areas of correctional work: the formation of subjective sensations of space and spatial representations in children with alalia; the formation of subjective sensations of the passage of time and time representations in schoolchildren with alalia.

The article reveals the concept of stable expressions in the Korean language. Definitions of phraseological units in the Korean language are given. It is concluded that the phraseological unit has its own specifics and requires special attention.

This article is devoted to highlighting the problems and solutions in improving the methodology of teaching genetics in higher education institutions. Also, the results of research and practical recommendations on improving the teaching process of genetics are presented.

In recent years, the demand for stringent security measures in high-end residential estates has intensified, particularly in areas like Chevron Drive, Lekki, Lagos. This study explores the politics of security checkpoints and their impact on estate security protocols. The primary objective is to analyze the effectiveness of these protocols, understand the socio-economic influences on security measures, and identify potential vulnerabilities. The study also aims to provide recommendations for enhancing estate security while maintaining social inclusion. The theoretical framework for this research is grounded in Michel Foucault's theory of Panopticism, which elucidates the politics of security checkpoints in the estates along Chevron Drive. In gated estates, checkpoints and surveillance systems, reflecting Panopticon principles, shape behavior and social relations by perpetually monitoring and controlling access, thereby establishing power dynamics and potentially marginalizing perceived outsiders, as explained by Foucault's theory. The research design includes a qualitative approach, utilizing interviews and personal observations as the primary data-gathering methods. Data were collected from residents, security personnel, and individuals living outside the estates. The findings reveal that while the estates have comprehensive security systems, including advanced access control and continuous surveillance, significant vulnerabilities exist. These include inconsistent enforcement of access control measures, misuse of resident stickers, selective vehicle checks, and manipulation of security personnel. The study also highlights the socio-economic divide created by stringent security measures, fostering feelings of exclusion among neighboring communities. The thesis statement emphasizes the need for a balanced approach to estate security that ensures safety without compromising social inclusion. Recommendations include stricter enforcement of access controls, improved training for security personnel, and the integration of advanced identification technologies. Further research and open discussions about inclusive security measures are essential for developing effective security protocols in gated communities.

The study investigated the extent to which lecturers’ quality can enhance acquisition of graduates’ employability skills in Anglo-Saxon universities in Cameroon. The study was guided by the Human Capital Theory. Methodologically, the convergent parallel mixed method was adopted for the study. The target population of the study comprised of lecturers, administrators, and graduates from 2014 to 2023 (a maximum duration of 10 years). The sample size of the study was made up of 359 lecturers, 535 graduates, and 12 administrators given a total of 706 participants. The participants were sampled using the purposive, random, accidental, and snowball sampling techniques. A questionnaire and, an interview guide were the instruments utilized for the study. The reliability of the questionnaire was 0.840 and 0.824 for lecturers and graduates. That of the interview guide was based on the need analysis technique. Quantitative data were analysed using SPSS version 25 with descriptive and inferential statistical tools. The descriptive statistical tools used were frequency count, percentages, mean and standard deviation. The qualitative data were supported with Atlasti 3.0. Statistically, findings showed that lecturer’s quality has a significant and strong effect on acquisition of employability skills (R-value 0.545**, p-value < 0.01). it was recommended that; A system of lecturer evaluation done by students and monitoring mechanisms for teacher effectiveness should be implemented and a school of education should be created in every State University to provide lecturer education certification while lecturers on the ground should get certificates from accredited institutions.