The persistent decline in students’ achievement in Biology in Nigerian secondary schools has generated concerns among educators, policymakers, and researchers. Traditional teacher-centered instructional approaches have been criticized for their inability to stimulate active learning, conceptual understanding, and long-term retention of scientific knowledge. Consequently, contemporary instructional strategies such as individualized learning and cooperative learning integrated with video-based instructional technologies have attracted considerable scholarly attention. This study examines the comparative effects of individualized and cooperative video-based instructional strategies on secondary school students’ achievement in Biology in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State, Nigeria. The study is situated within constructivist and social learning frameworks, emphasizing learner engagement, interaction, and multimedia-supported knowledge construction. A quasi-experimental research design involving pre-test and post-test measures is proposed to evaluate differences in achievement among students exposed to individualized video-based instruction, cooperative video-based instruction, and conventional teaching methods. Literature indicates that video-based instruction enhances visualization of biological processes, facilitates conceptual understanding, and improves retention of scientific concepts. Similarly, cooperative learning promotes peer interaction, collaborative problem-solving, and shared responsibility for learning, while individualized learning accommodates learner differences and self-paced instruction. Findings from the review suggest that both instructional strategies significantly improve students’ achievement in Biology compared to conventional methods, although cooperative video-based instruction tends to yield higher achievement gains due to enhanced interaction and collective cognitive engagement. The study concludes that integrating video technology with learner-centered pedagogies can substantially improve Biology education outcomes in Nigerian secondary schools. Recommendations are offered for teachers, curriculum planners, educational administrators, and policymakers regarding effective implementation of video-based instructional strategies.

This article analyzes the scholarly legacy of Bulat Saliev and his works “History of Bukhara,” “History of Central Asia,” and “History of Uzbekistan.” The study examines his approach to interpreting the history of Central Asia through trade routes, political developments, and socio-economic factors. Special attention is given to the Mongol invasion and the Timurid period. The results demonstrate Saliev’s significant contribution to the development of a comprehensive approach in Central Asian historiography.

This research article compares leading international summer camps by analysing education, costs, accessibility, safety and the skills children develop after completing each program.

This article analyzes the role and significance of cultural institutions in ensuring socio-spiritual stability. It substantiates that cultural institutions and cultural centers are important factors in improving the spiritual environment of society, preserving national values, and educating the younger generation as harmoniously developed individuals. The article also highlights their role in enhancing the cultural awareness of the population, strengthening social cohesion, and developing resilience to ideological and spiritual threats against various spiritual threats.

From a scientific perspective, the educational, enlightening, and unifying functions of cultural institutions in social life are examined. It is emphasized that these institutions contribute to the effective organization of young people’s leisure time, the development of reading culture, and the strengthening of respect for national and universal values.

This article analyzes the psychological aspects of the manifestation of love and affection among high school students. The study examines the psychological factors influencing the formation of romantic relationships during adolescence and early youth, including personal identity, emotional development, self-awareness, social environment, and peer relationships. Based on an analytical approach, the significance of love and affection in the personal development of young people and their influence on emotional stability, social adaptation, and the formation of interpersonal relationships are discussed. The findings indicate that feelings of love and affection contribute to the development of psychological maturity, empathy, responsibility, and mutual respect among high school students. At the same time, it was found that insufficient emotional experience during this developmental stage may, in some cases, lead to psychological distress, anxiety, and interpersonal conflicts. The results emphasize the importance of supporting healthy emotional development and fostering psychological culture regarding love and romantic relationships among adolescents.

This article analyzes the views of Jadid historian Bulat Saliev on the history of the Bukhara Emirate and the Manghit dynasty. The study examines his interpretations of the Manghit period as reflected in the works “Mang‘itlar saltanati davrida Buxoro o‘lkasi” and “History of Uzbekistan”, focusing on political processes, internal governance, and external relations. It also provides a comparative analysis of Saliev’s approach with the views of other Jadid historians. The results show that the author applied a critical and source-based approach to historical interpretation.

The article is devoted to the personality of the scholar al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi and to certain aspects of his scientific legacy. In particular, alongside his research in the pure Islamic sciences, a place was also given in his scholarly activity to the field of linguistics (ʿulūm al-lugha). In works related to linguistics, such as “al-Furūq wa manʿ at-tarādūf” (“Differences in Meaning and the Rejection of Synonymy”) and “Taḥṣīl naẓāʾir al-Qurʾān” (“Homonymous Words in the Qur’an”), the author developed a distinct methodological approach in this field. According to the scholar, each word should have a fixed and unchanging meaning, and all its usages should ultimately return to a single, true meaning. The analysis shows that substantiating this central idea constitutes the core concept of the work “Taḥṣīl naẓāʾir al-Qurʾān.”