This article provides a comprehensive legal and scholarly analysis of the formation and evolution of the institution of state liability for damage caused by unlawful acts of public authorities, with particular emphasis on investigative bodies. The study examines the place of tort liability within the system of civil law and reveals its theoretical and practical significance as a mechanism for the protection of violated rights. A comparative legal analysis is conducted with reference to the legal systems of the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Russia, focusing on the historical development of non-contractual liability of the state. Special attention is paid to the legal foundations governing compensation for damage caused by public authorities in the territory of Uzbekistan from the medieval period to the present day. The article analyzes constitutional and civil law guarantees of state compensation under the current legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan and substantiates the special conditions for imposing such liability. The study aims to demonstrate the crucial role of state liability in restoring violated rights and lawful interests of individuals and legal entities.

This article analyzes unregulated and hybrid transport service contracts that have emerged in modern mobility ecosystems. These include app-based taxi platforms such as Yandex Go and MyTaxi, ride-sourcing services, on-demand auxiliary services such as battery jump-start and alcohol-free driver assistance, and car-sharing models including Delimobil, Zipcar and Times Car Plus. These contractual arrangements combine elements of transportation, agency, rental, consumer services, digital intermediation and payment facilitation. As a result, they do not correspond to traditional classifications in civil legislation.

In many jurisdictions, including Uzbekistan, such contracts remain legally unnamed. This leads to difficulties in legal qualification, uncertainty in consumer protection, unclear distribution of liability, taxation problems and gaps in regulatory oversight. Based on civil-law theory, international transport regulation and comparative case studies, the article proposes a doctrinal understanding of hybrid transport contracts and develops recommendations to improve the legislative framework of Uzbekistan.

This article analyses illicit enrichment under Article 20 of the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) and Financial Action Task Force (FATF) guidance, comparing criminalization in different jurisdictions, as well as unexplained-wealth models worldwide. It highlights shared features, such as presumption of illicit origin, reasonable suspicion, and no need to prove a predicate offence. It argues that Uzbekistan should adopt a illicit-enrichment offence with asset-declaration enforcement to strengthen deterrence, asset recovery, and the rule of law.

Ensuring and protecting human rights is one of the priority tasks of a democratic state governed by the rule of law. In the experience of Uzbekistan, in recent years, special attention has been paid to strengthening the interaction of state bodies in the field of human rights. In this regard, new institutional mechanisms have been introduced and the regulatory framework has been improved. This article analyzes the main areas of cooperation between government bodies (legislation, law enforcement, restoration of violated rights and work with appeals) and forms of cooperation (omutual information exchange, consultation and monitoring). Problems encountered in practical cooperation and their organizational and legal solutions will also be highlighted.

This article examines the legal aspects of water resource reuse, focusing on the regulatory frameworks, challenges, and opportunities associated with sustainable water management. It reviews existing national and international laws governing water reuse, highlights gaps and inconsistencies, and explores the implications for environmental protection, public health, and economic development. Special attention is given to the legal mechanisms that support or hinder the implementation of water reuse projects, as well as the rights and responsibilities of stakeholders. The study underscores the need for comprehensive and adaptive legal approaches to facilitate effective and safe water reuse, promoting resource conservation and addressing growing water scarcity.

This article examines the concept of non-governmental non-commercial organizations, reveals the content of their activities, shows their differences from non-governmental commercial organizations, and examines the characteristics of a special subject of crime, particularly the officials of non-governmental non-commercial organizations. In addition, the article analyzes the elements of crimes related to abuse of office, bribery, and official forgery, which can be assigned to persons holding leadership positions in NGOs. On the example of notaries engaged in private activities, the problems of law enforcement practice regarding the legal assessment of socially dangerous acts committed were considered, opinions were expressed about the unreasonableness of holding them liable under articles providing for the liability of officials of state administration bodies, and proposals for solving this problem were also presented.

This article examines unregulated and hybrid transport service contracts that have emerged in modern mobility ecosystems, including app-based taxi platforms (Yandex Go, MyTaxi), ride-sourcing, on-demand auxiliary services (battery jump-start, alcohol-free driver services), and car-sharing models (Delimobil, Zipcar, Times Car Plus). These services often combine multiple legal elements—transportation, agency, rental, consumer services, digital intermediation—and therefore do not neatly fit traditional legislative classifications. Because such contracts remain legally unnamed in many jurisdictions, including Uzbekistan, they create challenges in qualification, consumer protection, liability allocation, taxation, and regulatory oversight.

Drawing from civil-law theory (Ioffe, Braginsky, Butler, Piskov), international transport regulation, and comparative case studies, the article proposes a doctrinal understanding of hybrid transport contracts and provides practical recommendations for improving Uzbekistan’s legislative framework.

This article examines the legal nature, scope, and limits of judicial immunity as a fundamental guarantee of the independence and security of judges, with particular reference to the legal system of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Drawing on constitutional provisions, national legislation, comparative law, and international standards, the study critically analyzes competing doctrinal approaches to judicial immunity. One approach views immunity as a source of legal inequality, while another considers it a necessary functional safeguard ensuring impartial adjudication. The article substantiates the position that judicial immunity is not a personal privilege but a functional and institutional legal regime (sui generis) aimed at protecting judges from unlawful pressure and interference.

Special attention is paid to the distinction between judicial independence as a principle governing decision-making and judicial inviolability (immunity) as a procedural mechanism establishing special rules for criminal, administrative, and disciplinary liability. The article argues that immunity should not be regarded as an integral element of independence, as it persists even after a judge’s resignation and serves broader objectives related to the stability of state power. Based on international instruments and foreign practice, the author proposes amendments to national legislation to clarify procedures for searches, detention, and prosecution of judges, thereby strengthening accountability while preserving judicial independence.

This study analyzes the evolution of international legal regulation of artificial intelligence and its role in global governance formation. Using systematic literature review, comparative legal analysis, and documentary analysis methods, the research examines key international instruments, including OECD AI Principles, UNESCO’s Recommendation on AI Ethics, the EU’s Artificial Intelligence Act, and the Council of Europe’s Framework Convention. The study identifies a risk-based regulatory approach as the emerging paradigm and reveals the sovereignty-internationalism paradox—the tension between state control and cross-border cooperation necessities. Results demonstrate significant diversity in regional models: the EU’s comprehensive supranational regulation, the US’s sectoral approach, and China’s centralized state control. The research emphasizes the fundamental importance of human rights principles and proposes establishing new institutional mechanisms, potentially an international AI agency, to ensure effective global governance balancing technological innovation with fundamental rights protection.

This article examines the relationship between the Constitution of Uzbekistan and Islamic law (Sharia), analyzing the extent of compatibility and potential conflict between the two systems of legal and moral authority. While the Constitution of Uzbekistan is a modern, secular document that reflects the nation's sovereignty and democratic aspirations, it also acknowledges the significant role of Islam in the cultural and historical life of the Uzbek people. This study explores the interplay between secular constitutionalism and Islamic law, with a focus on constitutional provisions related to human rights, the legal system, and religious freedoms. Through a comparative analysis, this article identifies areas where Islamic law may complement the Constitution and instances where tensions arise. The findings indicate that while Uzbekistan’s legal framework is largely secular, there are spaces where Islamic principles can influence societal norms, particularly in the domains of family law and personal conduct.

This article examines Uzbekistan’s Good-neighborhood diplomacy as a key instrument for ensuring regional stability and security in Central Asia. The study analyzes the conceptual foundations of good-neighborly relations through the lenses of international relations theory and international law, emphasizing their practical implementation in Uzbekistan’s foreign policy since 2016. Particular attention is paid to regional dialogue, conflict prevention, economic interdependence, and trust-building mechanisms. The article argues that Uzbekistan’s diplomatic initiatives have contributed to the transformation of Central Asia into a space of cooperative security, replacing geopolitical competition with strategic trust and collaboration. The findings demonstrate that Good-neighborhood diplomacy represents an effective and sustainable model for regional peace in the contemporary geopolitical environment.

The modern advancement of biomedical technologies, particularly in the field of assisted reproductive technologies (ART), has presented legal science and law enforcement practice with a number of entirely new issues related to determining the legal status of the human embryo. One of the most complex and controversial aspects is the problem of recognizing the embryo as a subject of inheritance legal relations. This problem stems from the contradiction between traditional approaches to legal capacity and the modern realities of reproductive medicine. The widespread use of ART in Uzbekistan and abroad has led to situations where embryos can be created and stored in a cryopreserved state for extended periods. This creates the possibility of having children even after the death of genetic parents. However, the current legislation of Uzbekistan lacks any specific norms regarding the legal status of the embryo, which may lead to legal uncertainty in matters of inheritance in the future.

The incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI) into consumer markets initiates a genuine paradigmatic shift, revealing a tense dialectic between the empowerment of consumers and the emergence of unprecedented legal and ethical threats. The aim of the article is to provide a systematized analysis of this duality, covering both the positive effects of AI deployment (hyperpersonalization, preventive anti-fraud measures, online dispute resolution) and the risks inherent in the technology—algorithmic bias, manipulative practices, and the undermining of decisional autonomy. The methodological framework relies on a systematic review of scholarly and regulatory literature and a comparative legal analysis of key European Union instruments—the Artificial Intelligence Act (EU AI Act) and the new Product Liability Directive (PLD). The findings indicate that AI provides transformative tools for enhancing the efficiency and accessibility of consumer protection mechanisms; at the same time, the very same technological capabilities generate systemic risks of nonobjectivity and dilute the informed nature of decision making. The new European regulation establishes an advanced risk-based architecture, rethinking the allocation of responsibility and imposing preventive obligations on providers of AI systems, while simultaneously complicating enforcement. In conclusion, the paper substantiates the need for a balanced course that combines technological safeguards, proactive regulatory oversight, and the development of consumer digital literacy for the harmonious development of the digital economy. The presented conclusions are addressed to legal scholars, regulators, developers, and compliance professionals involved in AI governance.

This article examines the legal nature of representative relations and analyzes the rights and obligations arising between the principal, the representative, and third parties within different forms of representation. Special attention is given to legal and contractual representation under the legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The study explores legal representation through parents, guardians, trustees, and heads of legal entities, emphasizing the distinctive features of their rights and duties, particularly in protecting the personal and property interests of minors and legally incapable persons. The article highlights gaps in current legislation, especially the insufficient regulation of the obligations of persons under guardianship and trusteeship, and substantiates the need to formally закрепить such obligations. In addition, contractual representation based on agency agreements is analyzed, with proposals to expand and clarify the rights and duties of both the principal and the representative. The author concludes that refining these norms would enhance legal certainty, prevent disputes, and strengthen the effectiveness of the institution of representation in civil law.

Ensuring efficiency, transparency, and citizen-oriented approaches in the public administration system is one of the priority directions of modern state governance. The quality of public service delivery directly influences citizens’ trust in governmental institutions and serves as a core indicator of a country’s socio-economic development. This article examines the conceptual essence of public service quality, identifies existing challenges in service delivery, analyzes international theoretical approaches, and proposes comprehensive evaluation criteria applicable to all types of public services. The study emphasizes the need for unified and transparent assessment standards to improve service quality in Uzbekistan.

This article examines the issue of environmental security in Central Asia in the context of escalating climate, resource, and institutional challenges of the 21st century. The author analyzes the main approaches to environmental security governance—namely, the institutional, network-based, technocratic, and human-oriented models—and explores their specific implementation in the countries of the region: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan. Special attention is given to political and administrative models, institutional reforms, transboundary dimensions, and international cooperation. The article concludes that there is a need to shift from fragmented national strategies to a coordinated regional policy based on the principles of sustainable development, transparency, and strategic coordination. The research relies on legal frameworks, strategic documents, international agreements, and expert literature, offering a comprehensive political science analysis of current trends and prospects in the field of environmental security in Central Asia.

This article examines the legal qualification of websites within the civil law framework of Uzbekistan, arguing that the prevailing administrative-law concept of "information resource" is inadequate for protecting intellectual property rights and facilitating commercial transactions. Through formal-juridical and comparative legal analysis, the study deconstructs a website into its constituent elements—source code, visual design, content, and domain name—each governed by distinct legal regimes. The findings reveal significant legislative gaps that impede the recognition of websites as unified objects of civil rights. The article proposes the introduction of Article 81¹ into the Civil Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan, defining a website as a "complex object" (slozhnyy ob'yekt) and digital asset, thereby aligning national legislation with contemporary doctrinal developments and international best practices.

This article examines the legal nature, institutional framework, and procedural specifics of tax monitoring as a distinct form of tax control in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Particular attention is paid to the regulatory mechanisms governing the implementation of tax monitoring, including the rights and obligations of taxpayers and tax authorities, procedural guarantees, and compliance requirements. The study highlights the preventive and cooperative nature of tax monitoring as compared to traditional tax audits, which are predominantly inspection-oriented and retrospective in character. The article further analyzes the advantages of tax monitoring in terms of legal certainty, transparency, and risk-oriented tax administration, as well as its potential to reduce administrative burdens and disputes between taxpayers and tax authorities. Based on doctrinal analysis and current legislation, the paper identifies key differences between tax monitoring and standard tax audits in terms of legal status, scope of control, procedural stages, and enforcement consequences. The findings contribute to the development of a more efficient and partnership-based system of tax control in Uzbekistan.

This chapter focuses on Eugen Ehrlich’s concept of “living law”, one of the key theoretical perspectives in sociology of law. The aim of this chapter is to illustrate how the contemporary issues can be understood and analyzed by using the concept of living law. Empirically, the case study of corruption in Uzbekistan is presented and analysed through the lens of the concept of living law. The chapter concludes that the concept of living law provides useful theoretical and methodological insights for the study of contemporary socio-legal issues.

The process of globalization has led to an unprecedented increase in the exchange of information between states, societies, and individuals due to the rapid development of modern information technologies. This process has not only strengthened integration in economic, social, and cultural spheres but has also created new opportunities and challenges. Along with the expansion of the global information space, the risks associated with information security have also grown. In particular, phenomena such as information attacks, disinformation campaigns, cyberattacks, and psychological manipulation have become serious threats today, not only in military and political spheres but also in areas such as economic competition, social stability, and the preservation of cultural identity. Consequently, information wars are now considered a crucial issue in ensuring the national security and sovereignty of states in the modern world.

This article provides an in-depth analysis of various forms of information warfare and their strategic objectives. Information wars are examined as a tool employed by states or groups to safeguard their political, economic, or ideological interests. In this process, methods such as spreading disinformation, orchestrating cyberattacks, exerting psychological pressure, and manipulating through mass media play a crucial role. Through these methods, attempts are made not only to control public opinion but also to destabilize the internal stability of states and weaken their position in the global arena. The article illustrates with examples how these mechanisms operate and how they impact the global information space.

In conclusion, it is demonstrated that in the context of globalization, protecting the national information space and creating a stable media environment are among the key principles in combating information wars. In this process, states must be capable of not only ensuring their own information security but also actively participating in the global information space and defending their interests. The article emphasizes the necessity of comprehensively studying the problem of information wars and developing effective strategies against them, which is becoming increasingly crucial in the modern world.

Decentralized finance (DeFi) represents a novel financial ecosystem built on open blockchain networks and smart contracts, enabling the provision of financial services without traditional intermediaries. This article examines the conceptual foundations of DeFi, its legal nature, associated risks, and regulatory challenges through a comparative analysis of international practice and the emerging legal framework of Uzbekistan. Particular attention is paid to the composability of DeFi protocols, the legal uncertainty surrounding smart contracts, and the difficulty of identifying responsible parties in decentralized systems. The study analyzes scholarly perspectives, including those of Schär and Zetzsche, and reviews regulatory responses in the United States and the European Union, with a focus on enforcement actions and AML/CFT concerns. It further evaluates risks such as cyberattacks, fraud, money laundering, and consumer harm, highlighting the systemic vulnerabilities of DeFi infrastructures. The article argues that while DeFi offers transparency and innovation, effective regulation requires balancing technological neutrality with robust consumer protection and compliance mechanisms. The findings suggest that Uzbekistan may adopt a cautious, technology-integrated regulatory approach to harness DeFi’s potential while mitigating legal and financial risks.

This article provides an in-depth analysis of the role and significance of mahalla institutions in enhancing the efficiency of public service delivery. It examines the need to strengthen cooperation between mahalla bodies and state governance institutions, the legal and organizational foundations of this process, and the potential to improve the quality of public services through the adoption of modern digital technologies. The study analyzes advanced foreign practices and explores their approaches to digitizing the activities of self-government institutions and integrating them with state bodies.

The article examines the evolution and the growing inadequacy of the historical immunity of information intermediaries (marketplaces) in the face of widespread counterfeiting in electronic commerce. The legal definition of an “information intermediary” consistently lags behind commercial reality—a phenomenon aptly described as the regulatory lag hypothesis. This lag implies that existing legal frameworks fail to adequately address modern business models grounded in complex logistical partnerships. The relevance of the study is determined by the transformation of platforms from passive hosts into integrated logistical ecosystems (e.g., FBA), necessitating an urgent revision of outdated liability standards. The article aims to analyze case law from the United States, the European Union, and the Russian Federation, as well as the underlying economic conflict between the prohibition of general monitoring and the emerging obligation of proactive due diligence mandated by new legislation. Judicial practice demonstrates a transnational shift in focus from actual knowledge to operational control and “constructive knowledge.” The author’s key contribution lies in proposing a risk-tiered liability model that dynamically correlates joint liability with the degree of the platform’s involvement in logistics functions. The findings are intended for practicing lawyers, digital services regulators, and compliance professionals.

This article examines the legal issues of liability and risk distribution in motor transport logistics, with particular focus on the Republic of Uzbekistan and international practice. Road transport plays a central role in modern trade, creating complex legal relations between carriers, consignors, freight forwarders, and insurers. The study analyzes national regulation under the Civil Code of Uzbekistan and the Law “On Transport,” as well as international standards established by the 1956 CMR Convention. Special attention is given to the carrier’s presumed fault model, limits of liability, and the role of contractual and insurance mechanisms in managing transport risks. Comparative analysis of the legal frameworks of the European Union and the United States highlights different approaches to carrier liability, compensation limits, and risk allocation. The article also explores practical challenges, including the unclear legal status of freight forwarders, insufficient documentation practices, and the absence of clear liability limits in domestic law. Based on this analysis, the author proposes legal and institutional reforms aimed at enhancing predictability, fairness, and efficiency in motor transport logistics in Uzbekistan.