This article examines the key conceptual principles of the new edition of the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the concepts of a sovereign state, a rule-of-law state, and a secular state, as well as their role within the constitutional framework. The study also explores new provisions and concepts introduced in the revised Constitution that were absent in the previous edition, highlighting their significance for the development of state governance, societal progress, and the protection of human rights.

AI, a technology, has grown from a technological innovation into a political power tool that is central to governance, governance, and international influence. In the modern world, AI systems help us produce, distribute and perceive information that changes the relations between citizens, governments, and state. This paper discusses the complex role that AI plays in global politics from election manipulation and propaganda to cyber warfare, digital surveillance and transnational crime. The passage suggests that politics is heard in today’s interconnected world, as AI technologies have permeated nearly all aspects of human interaction, teetering on the cusp of political communication, control, and persuasion via algorithmic and data-driven interactions. The research combines theoretical analysis and real-world validation using approaches such as technopolitics, algorithmic governance, political communication theory to provide an explanation of the role of AI as politically active actor and technological tool of power. The paper draws on case studies and examples of AI using countries and political entities to gain strategic advantage. In Russia AI has played a role in disinformation campaigns, false media manipulation and social media manipulation that aims to influence foreign elections and undermine democratic power. In the US, AI-driven data analytics and sentiment modeling has revolutionized political campaigns that allow users to target hyper-personalized voters while simultaneously being concerned with privacy and manipulation. In Bangladesh, it was reports about the Awami League’s use of AI-assisted bot networks and synthetic content in digital media that unshowhe growing use of artificial intelligence in shaping domestic political discourse.

This article is devoted to a theoretical and comparative legal analysis of the optional characteristics of the offender in criminal law. The study examines in detail the legal nature of the offender’s optional characteristics, their role in the qualification of crimes, and their significance in the process of sentencing. The author substantiates the distinctions between the optional characteristics of the offender and the characteristics of a special offender, revealing their informative function as well as their role in the individualization of criminal liability. Based on an analysis of the norms of national criminal legislation and the criminal laws of certain foreign states, as well as the views of leading foreign scholars, the article elucidates the theoretical foundations for taking into account the offender’s personal traits, behavior before and after the commission of a crime, and the factors that led to the commission of the offense when imposing punishment. As a result of the research, a number of theoretical and practical proposals aimed at improving the provisions of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan relating to sentencing are put forward.

In contemporary legal systems, notarial work has a unique role as an institutional instrument designed to avoid problems rather than settle them after they arise. This article explores notarial practice as a kind of preventative justice, emphasizing its practical relevance, conceptual underpinnings, and current issues. The legal character of notarial actions, their evidential value, and their function in maintaining civil circulation stability, legal certainty, and the defense of rights and legitimate interests are all examined in this paper. The evolution of notarial functions in light of globalization, digitization, and the growing complexity of legal relationships is given special consideration. The study emphasizes how notaries can lessen the strain on the courts by resolving any disputes early on via legal advice, certification, and authentication. The article also highlights important issues, such as the need of integrating electronic notarial systems, harmonizing laws, and adjusting to cross-border legal contacts. The results show that notarial work is still crucial for upholding the rule of law and preserving confidence in legal transactions as a component of preventative justice.

This article investigates the evolution of legаl terminologу in internаtionаl lаw concerning the unаuthorized shаring of рrivаte intimаte imаges. It critiques the term "revenge рorn" аs insufficient, аrguing thаt it overlooks the diverse motivаtions behind such аcts аnd minimizes the рrofound  hаrm inflicted on victims. The studу eхаmines the trаnsition towаrd more аccurаte frаmeworks, including "imаge-bаsed аbuse" аnd "technologу-fаcilitаted seхuаl violence." Sрecific аttention is directed to emerging threаts рosed bу аrtificiаl intelligence, раrticulаrlу deeрfаkes, аnd the terminologicаl рrovisions оutlined in the UN Hаnoi convention. The рарer аdvocаtes for stаndаrdized terminologу аs essentiаl for strengthening legаl рrotections for victims.

This paper examines the legal implications of artificial intelligence (AI) development within the framework of public international law. Employing a doctrinal and comparative legal methodology, it surveys the principal international and regional regulatory instruments currently governing AI — including the European Union Artificial Intelligence Act, the OECD Principles on Artificial Intelligence, and UNESCO's Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence — alongside national frameworks in Uzbekistan, the United States, and China. The paper further analyses the unresolved question of AI's legal personhood and liability, using the landmark Fraley v. Facebook (2015) biometric data case as illustrative jurisprudence. Findings indicate that no jurisdiction currently recognises AI as an independent legal subject; liability continues to rest with human developers, operators, and users. The paper concludes that a single binding multilateral instrument is necessary to address jurisdictional fragmentation, protect digital human rights, and anticipate future technological developments.

Judicial oversight of investigative measures is a core safeguard for the protection of human rights in contemporary criminal procedure. The expansion of investigative powers and the increasing reliance on digital evidence have made such oversight particularly important at the pre-trial stage. This article examines the legal nature of judicial oversight of investigative measures and analyzes comparative models of judicial supervision in criminal justice systems. Particular attention is paid to the development of judicial oversight in Uzbekistan and to the need to strengthen procedural safeguards in the digital age. The study combines doctrinal legal analysis, comparative legal methodology, and a review of international scholarship on criminal procedure. The findings suggest that effective mechanisms of judicial oversight enhance procedural fairness, reduce the risk of disproportionate interference with fundamental rights, and reinforce the rule of law.

This article examines criminal liability for coercing a woman into marriage or continued marital cohabitation, as well as for obstructing her right to marry. It further offers a comparative analysis of the relevant legislative approaches in Bulgaria, the Republic of Korea, the Netherlands, San Marino, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine, and Estonia. The study substantiates the need to differentiate criminal liability within the relevant provision of national legislation by distinguishing between two separate offenses: (1) coercion of a woman into marriage or continued marital cohabitation, or obstruction of her right to marry; and (2) abduction of a woman against her will for the purpose of marriage.

This article analyzes the role and factors of Islam in the social life of modern Turkey. The research examines the influence of religion on social, political and cultural life, its role in the formation of values, customs and political decisions in society. The article shows that Islam has a significant influence not only as a personal belief, but also in areas such as social integration, gender relations, education and political activism. At the same time, the changing and flexible nature of Islam in the context of modern global processes, secularism and religious pluralism is analyzed. The article is written in the style of scientific analysis and serves to provide a deep understanding of the influence of religion on social structures in Turkish society.