Counterinsurgency (COIN) operations are designed to restore stability and neutralize insurgencies but often result in significant human rights violations. These include extrajudicial killings, torture, sexual violence, and forced displacement, disproportionately affecting marginalized populations, especially women and girls. This study examines the gendered dimensions of these violations and seeks to uncover systemic inequalities that exacerbate their impact. The research aims to analyze human rights abuses in COIN through a gendered lens, emphasizing the necessity for gender-sensitive strategies to mitigate harm. The study adopts feminist security theories, emphasizing the intersectionality of gender, ethnicity, and socio-economic status in conflict contexts. A qualitative research design integrates thematic literature reviews, case studies, and international reports, with data analyzed to highlight recurring patterns of gender-specific violations. Case studies from Colombia, Afghanistan, and Nigeria illustrate the disproportionate impact of COIN on women and marginalized groups, showcasing systemic issues such as sexual violence, displacement, and the lack of accountability. Findings reveal that COIN operations often intensify existing inequalities, with women facing sexual violence and men experiencing torture and forced recruitment. The neglect of gender-specific needs perpetuates cycles of violence and hinders recovery. Structural weaknesses in accountability and limited implementation of international human rights standards exacerbate these issues. This study underscores the importance of integrating gender-sensitive policies and robust accountability mechanisms into COIN frameworks. Recommendations include enhancing legal protections, supporting local organizations, and prioritizing inclusive peacebuilding efforts to ensure equity and justice for affected populations.

This study explores the complex relationship between activist groups and political parties in shaping the climate movement in Portugal. Through a combination of qualitative methods, including in-depth interviews with key stakeholders from environmental organizations, political parties, and governmental institutions, this research examines the dynamics of resistance and collaboration that characterize the climate activism landscape in the country. While political parties have provided institutional frameworks for environmental policies, activist groups have consistently challenged governmental inertia and pushed for more radical climate action. The findings reveal that the relationship between these two groups is often characterized by tension and compromise, but also synergy in certain instances, particularly in the context of youth-led movements like Fridays for Future. The paper discusses how these dynamics impact the effectiveness of the Portuguese climate movement in influencing national policy and contributing to international climate advocacy.

The Niger Delta region, a vital centre for Nigeria's oil and gas exports, has encountered ongoing concerns of marine instability intensified by cult activities. Cultism, defined by structured criminal organisations, facilitates offences such oil theft, pipeline sabotage, and piracy, hence undermining economic and security frameworks in the region. Adverse socio-economic situations, such as poverty, unemployment, and corruption, exacerbate the recruitment of youth into cult organisations. This study seeks to examine the relationship between cultism and maritime insecurity in the Niger Delta, emphasising socio-economic factors, the effects of cult activities on maritime operations, and the efficacy of existing security measures. This research employs a quantitative approach based on Social Disorganisation Theory, which elucidates how socio-economic instability promotes criminal behaviour. Data were gathered using structured questionnaires administered to 200 personnel of the Nigerian Police Force from Anti-Cultism Units in Rivers and Delta States. The poll evaluated socio-economic conditions, the impact of cult activities on marine security, and the efficacy of current security measures. Descriptive and inferential statistics, in conjunction with Structural Equation Modelling (SEM), were utilised for data analysis, elucidating the relationships among variables. The results demonstrate that socio-economic issues, such as poverty, unemployment, and corruption, are key catalysts for cultism, with unemployment being the most potent predictor. Cult actions, including oil pipeline sabotage, piracy, and interruptions to offshore operations, significantly undermine marine infrastructure and economic stability. Moreover, although technology-driven surveillance has proven to be the most efficacious security tool, enforcement initiatives are impeded by resource limitations and corruption. Cultism significantly contributes to maritime insecurity in the Niger Delta by exploiting socio-economic vulnerabilities and undermining weak governance frameworks. Mitigating these difficulties necessitates enhancing law enforcement, augmenting technology-driven surveillance, and tackling the socio-economic underlying factors of cultism. Integrated methods are essential for restoring maritime security and promoting regional stability.

This study examines the effectiveness of border security measures in combating cross-border criminal activities across Nigeria's northwestern states, where porous borders have fostered transnational crimes and regional instability. The research aims to evaluate existing border security measures and identify actionable strategies for enhancing border protection. Underpinned by Routine Activity Theory, which posits that crimes occur at the convergence of motivated offenders, suitable targets, and absence of capable guardians, the study employed a quantitative approach using semi-structured questionnaires administered to 200 security personnel across five northwestern states. Regression analysis reveals that inter-agency coordination has the strongest impact on reducing cross-border crimes (β = -0.40, p = 0.001), followed by personnel deployment (β = -0.35, p = 0.004). At the same time, surveillance technology shows limited effectiveness (β = -0.25, p = 0.075). While current measures have reduced arms smuggling from 80% to 50%, human trafficking and terrorism remain persistent challenges, highlighting the limitations of existing strategies. The study concludes that a multi-dimensional approach integrating technological, institutional, and socio-economic interventions is crucial. These findings have significant implications for policy reform, emphasizing the need for enhanced surveillance technology, strengthened regional cooperation, and community engagement to build a more resilient border security framework.

This article discusses the concept of professional sports, its emergence, various and distinctive features of sports. At the same time, the opinions of foreign scientists and domestic scientists who have conducted scientific research in this area, as well as the experience of foreign countries, are analyzed. In addition, the history of legal regulation of professional sports, as well as the evolution of legal regulation, is explored. The formation of legal documents regulating professional sports in national legislation and existing problems in legislation were also studied. Although the legal regulation of professional sports by sports organizations has been developing for a long time, how government regulation of this area occurs is being discussed.

This article examines the impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on the Middle East Conflict, focusing on the ongoing struggle between Israel and Hamas. It highlights how AI technologies, including surveillance systems, autonomous drones and advanced data analytics are reshaping military tactics, intelligence operations, and conflicts dynamics. The article explores the benefits and risks associated with AI in this context, such as enhanced targeting precision and strategic advantage versus potential ethical dilemmas and unintended consequences. It also considers the implications of AI for regional stability, international norms, and the broader geopolitical land scape through a detailed analysis, the article provides insights into how AI is influencing modern warfare and its potentials to either exacerbate or mitigate conflicts. This article explores the complex challenges posed by artificial intelligence (AI) in the context of conflicts in the Middle East. As nations increasingly adopt AI technologies for military applications, issues such as autonomous weapon systems, surveillance, and data-driven decision-making raise significant ethical and operational concerns. The article examines the technical limitations of AI, including data quality and infrastructure deficiencies in conflict zones, while highlighting the potential risks to civilian safety. Furthermore, it addresses the geopolitical implications of AI advancements, including shifting power dynamics and an arms race among regional actors. The lack of international regulatory frameworks exacerbates these challenges, calling for urgent discussions on ethical guidelines and accountability. Ultimately, the article argues that while AI holds the potential to enhance military capabilities, it also necessitates careful consideration to mitigate its risks and promote peacebuilding efforts in a volatile region.

Based on a historical approach, the article contains prosecutorial supervision of the implementation of laws in the field of combating illicit trafficking in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, which was conditionally divided into four stages of the formation and development of counteraction to drug trafficking. Through a comprehensive study of the retrospective theoretical and legal analysis of the prosecutor's supervision over the implementation of laws in the fight against drug trafficking carried out by the prosecutor's office. The author cites the opinions of scientists regarding their scientific research on the theoretical and scientific analysis of prosecutorial supervision of the implementation of laws, depending on emerging situations in the practical activities of the prosecutor's office.

This article examines contemporary challenges in protecting critical infrastructure, driven by the rapid growth of “hybrid” cyber-physical attacks and chronic gaps in intelligence sharing between strategic analysts and field response teams. The study aims to analyze existing legal and regulatory frameworks in the United States and the European Union, assess the technological capabilities of a “digital twin” of CNI assets, and identify key barriers to translating threat analyses into on-site operational actions. The relevance of this work is underscored by statistics from Europol, KnowBe4, Check Point, and NERC reporting hundreds of millions of cyberattacks and thousands of physical incidents per year, as well as high-profile cases such as Colonial Pipeline and Moore County, which exposed critical communication failures between the intelligence community and asset operators. The novelty of the research lies in an interdisciplinary comparison of the paradigms of problem-oriented policing, intelligence-led policing, and the all-hazards approach with current technological and regulatory realities, including ISA/IEC 62443 standards, the Zero Trust protocol, and the STIX 2.1 format for alert exchange. Thus, the main technical and legal barriers to bringing intelligence data into field operations have been pinpointed, and the efficacy of a sync exchange approach has been demonstrated through cases from the Port of Rotterdam, Capital Shield program, and Cyberabwehr Bayern, where timely delivery of analytics saw average response times go from days to hours. It proposes unifying procedures and exchange protocols as a foundation for increased coordination among varied services in critical infrastructure protection. This work will benefit developers of state security infrastructure, cyber and physical protection specialists, and fusion-center analysts.

The Niger Delta, the bedrock and source of Nigeria’s oil wealth and economic power house of the nation. A region rich in natural resources and ecological diversity remains one of the most complex and enduring crises in Nigeria. The Niger Delta is emblematic of the paradox of resource wealth leading to poverty. Addressing its challenges requires commitment to justice, environmental stewardship, and genuine development. Only through concerted efforts can the region hope to emerge from its cycle of conflicts and deprivation, paving way for a more equitable future. This article explores the multifaceted nature of the Niger Delta Problems, examining historical, economic, environmental and socio-political dimensions. Despite its significant oil reserves, the region has faced severe environmental degradation, economic disparity, and political instability. The study highlights the failure of successive governmental policies and interventions to address the root causes of unrest and underdevelopment. The article aims to shed light on why the Niger Delta’s problems persist and offers insights into potential pathways for sustainable solutions. The findings underscore the need for a more integrated approach that considers environmental conservation, equitable resource distribution, and genuine political engagement. This article highlights the impact of oil extraction on local communities, including environmental degradation, economic inequality, and social unrest. Despite being one of Nigeria’s wealthiest and richest regions due to its oil wealth, the Niger Delta remains impoverished. The article discusses the failure of governmental and corporate policies to address these issues effectively, emphasizing the need for inclusive dialogue and sustainable development strategies. Ultimately it calls for a comprehensive approach to resolve the ongoing conflicts and improve the livelihoods of the region’s inhabitants, which is what this article seeks to analyze.

The article examines theoretical views and practical issues related to the objective aspects of the crime involving illegal manufacturing, processing, acquisition, storage, transportation, or dispatch of potent or toxic substances for illegal distribution purposes, as well as their illegal distribution. The author presents insights on the elements of the objective side of this crime, discusses the problems encountered in the legal qualification of such crimes, and proposes certain amendments aimed at improving the legislation concerning this criminal offense.

This article explores the Russian-Ukraine war, focusing on its causes, historical background, and effects on Russia and Ukraine. It examines the historical and geopolitical factors that contributed to the conflict, including long-standing historical tensions, territorial disputes and differing political orientations. The article provides an in-depth analysis of the events leading up to the war, such as the annexation of Crimea and the war in Donbas. Additionally, it assesses the war’s impact on both countries, discussing economic repercussions, social disruptions, and shifts in national identity. By analyzing these dimensions, the article aims to offer a comprehensive understanding of the conflict’s roots and its ramifications for both nations and the broader international community. This article examines the multifaceted causes, historical background, and significant effects of the Russian–Ukrainian war, which erupted in 2014 and escalated dramatically in 2022. The conflict is analyzed through various lenses, including geopolitical, economic, and sociocultural factors. The research identifies key historical grievances stemming from the soviet era, including territorial disputes, and ethnic divisions, that have fueled nationalist sentiments in both countries. The article further explores the role of international actors and the impact of geopolitics, particularly the West’s support for Ukraine and Russia’s strategic interest in the region. Additionally, the war’s repercussions on Ukraine and Russia are discussed focusing on humanitarian crises, economic instability, etc. The Russian-Ukrainian war, rooted in historical ties and geopolitical tensions, has profoundly impacted both nations since its escalation in 2014 and further in 2022. This conflict arises from Russia's ambitions to maintain influence over Ukraine, concerns about NATO expansion, and cultural identities that intertwine the two nations. The annexation of Crimea marked a pivotal moment, leading to international condemnation and sanctions against Russia. The war has resulted in a significant humanitarian crisis in Ukraine, economic instability, and a strengthened national identity. Conversely, Russia faces economic sanctions and increasing political repression, leading to its diplomatic isolation. This article examines the complex causes and multifaceted effects of the war, highlighting its implications for regional and global stability.

Political and ethno-religious tensions in Nigeria pose significant challenges to national security and stability, rooted in colonial-era policies that institutionalized ethnic and religious divisions. These historical grievances compounded by contemporary socio-political dynamics, manifest in electoral violence, insurgencies like Boko Haram, farmer-herder clashes, and secessionist movements such as IPOB. The study investigates these tensions by exploring their historical roots, contemporary manifestations, and impact on national security, employing Marxist, and Functionalist theories to provide a robust theoretical framework. Using a qualitative research design, data were gathered from archival records, governmental and non-governmental reports, and case studies, including the Kano Riots of 1953, the Maitatsine Riots of 1980, and the Boko Haram insurgency and the likes. Findings reveal that these tensions are exacerbated by governance failures, socio-economic inequalities, and the manipulation of identity politics, with severe implications for national security, such as displacement, economic disruption, and weakened state legitimacy. While interventions like the Niger Delta Amnesty Program and anti-open grazing laws have yielded partial success, their limited scope underscores the need for comprehensive reforms. The study concludes that addressing these tensions requires historical reconciliation, inclusive governance, equitable resource distribution, and sustainable conflict-resolution mechanisms. Thus the study recommends establishing a national reconciliation commission, decentralizing governance, promoting interfaith dialogue, and enhancing security frameworks through community policing and stakeholder engagement. These measures aim to address the root causes of tensions and foster long-term stability and peace. By integrating historical, political, and socio-economic dimensions, the study provides a roadmap for mitigating political and ethno-religious tensions in Nigeria.

This article explores the territorial scope of criminal law, focusing on its theoretical foundations and legal frameworks in different jurisdictions. It examines how the principle of territoriality is applied in criminal justice systems, comparing legislative approaches from various countries. The study highlights the significance of sovereignty, jurisdiction, and international cooperation in enforcing criminal law across borders. The analysis aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of how territorial limits affect the implementation of criminal responsibility and the pursuit of justice in a globalized legal environment.

Climate change is a major catalyst for socio-political instability, especially in Africa, where reliance on natural resources for sustenance and economic endeavours is substantial. This study investigates the intricate relationship between climate change and civil strife, emphasising how environmental stress intensifies socio-economic inequalities and incites hostilities. The research seeks to elucidate the mechanisms connecting climate change to conflict and to provide ways for mitigating these effects while enhancing resilience in impacted communities. The study employs a qualitative methodology, utilising secondary sources including peer-reviewed articles, policy reports, and empirical case studies. The Environmental Scarcity Theory and Relative Deprivation Theory offer an analytical framework that demonstrates how resource scarcity and socio-political grievances lead to conflict. The data concentrates on areas such as the Sahel and Lake Chad Basin, where the effects of climate change are most pronounced. Thematic and comparative analyses are utilised to merge theoretical viewpoints with practical examples. The research indicates that climate change aggravates resource shortage, especially regarding water and arable land, heightening confrontations between competing factions such as farmers and herders. Environmental displacement burdens host communities, exacerbating tensions frequently manipulated by rebel factions. Inadequate governance and institutional inefficiencies exacerbate vulnerabilities, while climate-induced economic disruptions disproportionately impact agriculture- dependent populations. The results substantiate that climate change considerably affects civil violence in Africa. Addressing this nexus necessitates a multifaceted strategy, encompassing the enhancement of governance, the promotion of sustainable livelihoods, and the encouragement of community-based resource management. Recommendations encompass the augmentation of climate adaptation strategies, the implementation of early warning systems, and the procurement of international assistance for at-risk areas. A coordinated, region-specific strategy is crucial for risk mitigation and the promotion of enduring socio-political stability.

The Boko Haram insurgency in Northeastern Nigeria has led to regional destabilization, intensifying poverty, unemployment, and governance challenges. Despite extensive military interventions, socio-economic drivers persist, sustaining the insurgency and underscoring the necessity for alternative strategies. This study analyses the transformative potential of Human Intelligence (HUMINT) in addressing systemic issues, highlighting its role in mitigating grievances and promoting stability. The study employs Social Conflict Theory to examine the role of socio-economic inequalities in driving insurgencies and the potential of HUMINT to address these disparities. A qualitative research design was implemented using secondary data sources, including peer-reviewed articles, government reports, and case studies. Thematic analysis was conducted to identify patterns between HUMINT and socio-economic interventions. The findings indicate that poverty, insufficient education, and unemployment heighten susceptibility to Boko Haram's recruitment and ideological influence. Human intelligence provides an essential understanding of insurgent networks and their grievances; however, it encounters challenges such as insufficient funding and bureaucratic inefficiencies. Instances such as the Civilian Joint Task Force (CJTF) illustrate the efficacy of community-based intelligence in countering insurgent operations. The research indicates that tackling the socio-economic factors driving Boko Haram necessitates the integration of human intelligence with specific reforms and community involvement. Recommendations involve improving HUMINT frameworks via localized training and international collaboration, investing in poverty alleviation and education, and building trust through grassroots initiatives. A comprehensive intelligence-driven strategy is suggested to tackle the underlying causes and expressions of insurgency, fostering enduring peace and development in the region.

This article presents an in-depth analysis of the modernization process of Japan’s civil service system, with a particular emphasis on the evolution of personnel policy as a key mechanism of administrative transformation. The study situates Japan’s reform efforts within a broader historical and institutional context, tracing the trajectory of civil service development from its Meiji-era foundations through the post-war consolidation period to the administrative restructuring initiatives of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. By examining both legislative reforms and organizational practices, the article elucidates how Japan has sought to reconcile its traditional bureaucratic ethos—characterized by seniority-based promotion, lifetime employment, and hierarchical rigidity—with the demands of a rapidly changing global environment that emphasizes transparency, flexibility, and performance.

Special attention is given to the creation of centralized personnel management structures, such as the Cabinet Bureau of Personnel Affairs, and the gradual introduction of performance-based evaluation systems aimed at enhancing accountability and responsiveness within the public sector. The research also explores how ethical standards, gender equity initiatives, and cross-sectoral mobility have been addressed within the evolving human resource management framework. Methodologically, the study draws on official government reports, policy white papers, OECD assessments, and academic literature to offer a multi-dimensional view of Japan’s administrative reform process.

Japan’s civil service modernization experience offers valuable comparative insights for other countries—particularly those in East Asia, Central Asia, and post-socialist regions—that are currently undergoing institutional transformation. The Japanese case underscores the importance of balancing systemic continuity with targeted innovation, and highlights the role of culturally informed, incremental reform in achieving sustainable public sector development amidst global governance and digitalization trends.

The need for transparency and professionalism in judicial systems has grown significantly, especially in countries undergoing legal reforms. This article explores the relevance and potential application of polygraph testing in the selection of judicial candidates. Drawing on international experiences—particularly from Kazakhstan, Ukraine, and the legislative debate in Kyrgyzstan—the article examines how polygraph examinations are integrated into multi-stage selection systems. In Kazakhstan, polygraph testing is a mandatory part of the qualification process for future judges. Ukraine also implements polygraph testing, especially within anti-corruption courts. In contrast, Kyrgyzstan has considered but not adopted such measures legislatively. The article outlines the benefits of polygraph testing, such as identifying concealed risks, reducing corruption, increasing public trust, and enhancing the objectivity of selection. It also highlights key limitations, including limited reliability, legal admissibility concerns, psychological pressure, and financial costs. The author then evaluates the prospects for introducing polygraph testing in Uzbekistan’s judicial system, noting the importance of legal regulation, expert training, public awareness, and adherence to ethical principles. The article concludes that while polygraph testing should not replace traditional evaluation tools, it may serve as a complementary mechanism for improving transparency and integrity in judicial appointments.

The article undertakes a thorough analysis of the challenges associated with the legislative framework for scientific and expert support within the parliamentary activities of the Republic of Uzbekistan. It is important to acknowledge that, despite the measures that have been implemented, the interaction between parliament and the scientific community requires further development. The necessity of strengthening scientific and expert support of parliamentary activity in the context of modern reforms is emphasized. The article puts forth a series of recommendations to enhance the legislation, including the formation of scientific and expert councils within the chambers of the Oliy Majlis and the elucidation of the process for obtaining feedback from scientific institutions on draft legislation. The implementation of these proposals is expected to enhance the quality of the lawmaking process and the effectiveness of parliamentary control, thereby fortifying the role of the Parliament of Uzbekistan in democratic transformations.

This article examines the inheritance-based transfer of a participantʼs share in the charter capital of a limited liability company. The author analyses the interplay between civil, family, and corporate legal norms, focusing on legal constraints, shareholder consent requirements, and procedures for the payment of the shareʼs actual value. The paper also draws upon foreign legal practice and theoretical perspectives to suggest solutions to practical legal issues.

Nigeria, a multi-ethnic and multi-religious country, has experienced persistent political and ethno-religious conflicts since independence in 1960, stemming from identity-based grievances, resource control disputes, and political power struggles. Despite its transition to democracy, Nigeria's governance structures have remained weak, characterized by corruption, exclusionary policies, and poor conflict management mechanisms. These deficiencies have deepened social divisions, hindered national development, and perpetuated violent conflicts. The study examines the role of governance failures and institutional weaknesses in fueling these conflicts and explores practical reforms to strengthen governance frameworks and promote stability. Guided by Institutional Theory, which highlights the importance of formal and informal institutions in shaping human behavior and reducing uncertainty, the study employs a qualitative approach, combining a literature review with case studies of key conflict areas, including the Jos crisis, Boko Haram insurgency, Kaduna religious crisis, Taraba State conflict, and Lagos inter-ethnic conflicts. The findings reveal that political exclusion, socio-economic inequalities, weak conflict resolution mechanisms, and human security deficits are significant drivers of conflicts across Nigeria. The study recommends that addressing these issues requires institutional reforms to promote inclusivity, accountability, and human security, alongside security sector reforms and community-based dialogue initiatives. Strengthening both formal and informal institutions is essential to reducing conflicts and fostering sustainable peace in Nigeria.

This article examines the compensation for court expenditures through state duties in Uzbekistan, utilizing data spanning from 2020 to 2024. It analyzes the effectiveness and adequacy of the current system, highlighting challenges and disparities faced by litigants in accessing justice. The study presents a comprehensive overview of policies and legislative frameworks governing state duties, correlating them with actual court expenditures. By employing qualitative and quantitative methodologies, the research identifies key trends, enforcement issues, and implications for legal reforms. The findings aim to contribute to the discourse on judicial finance and propose actionable recommendations for enhancing the compensation mechanisms within Uzbekistan's judicial system.

The article analyzes, within the framework of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Public control", the issues of making requests to representative bodies of local government by the chairman of the mahalla citizens' meeting, analyzes the legal nature of the request, the difference between the request and the parliamentary request, as well as the request related to obtaining the necessary information related to the activities of the citizens' meeting. The request of the chairman of the сitizens' Assembly will serve to implement the concept of developing a free and open civil society in the country.

This article describes the legal and regulatory instruments adopted in Uzbekistan for the protection of women's rights and freedoms and the prevention of various infringements on them, as well as the amendments and additions made to legislation on the basis of those instruments. Attention is paid to the positive results of the legal acts adopted by Uzbekistan on the protection of women subjected to violence and various forms of harassment and their practical significance in the future. The article also presents the legal policy pursued by foreign countries in this area, as well as the opinions of some scientists aimed at preventing violence and harassment against women.

The article highlights the issues of defining the concept of corruption in international documents and analyzing it as a social phenomenon. It also provides a comprehensive analysis of the essence, forms, and negative consequences of corruption based on sources such as UN resolutions, Council of Europe documents, and the UN Convention against Corruption. The complexity of studying corruption from legal and criminological perspectives, as well as its intrinsic connection with disruptions in society and public administration, is also revealed.

The issue of national security has always been a determining factor for every government and it has always been an interest that is of topmost priority to every government. The issue of National Security in every political administration cannot be overemphasized, as it is a determining factor in the assessment of a political administration as to whether a government is responsible or not.

The government owes every citizen of her state security as to their lives, properties, etc. It is as of right -legal right of the citizens to be protected by their government. Using Nigeria as a case study, if the government is not responsible enough to protect its citizens, economy and other institutions, the Fundamental Rights enlisted under Chapter IV of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 (as amended) can never be in any way attainable, thereby making such government irresponsible. In a heterogeneous state like Nigeria where there are diverse cultures, ethnicities, religions, languages, different sensitivity traits and patterns, etc., the issue of National Security has always been a primary concern. Although of primary significance, it has its challenges amidst it differences, which is what this paper seeks to highlight. This article examines the multifaceted challenges of national security in Nigeria, a nation grappling with a myriad of threats including insurgency, ethnic conflicts, banditry, and organized crime. Historical context reveals how past events, such as civil wars and military coups, have shaped the current security landscape. The rise of Boko Haram and its offshoots, coupled with communal tensions driven by resource scarcity, underscores the complexity of the situation. The government's response, including military interventions and community policing initiatives, is analysed for effectiveness. Additionally, the socio-economic factors contributing to insecurity, such as poverty and youth disenfranchisement, are explored. By evaluating these dynamics, the article underscores the necessity of a holistic approach to national security that integrates economic, social, and political reforms. Ultimately, this case study of Nigeria offers insights relevant to understanding and addressing security challenges in similar contexts globally.