This article examines the compensation for court expenditures through state duties in Uzbekistan, utilizing data spanning from 2020 to 2024. It analyzes the effectiveness and adequacy of the current system, highlighting challenges and disparities faced by litigants in accessing justice. The study presents a comprehensive overview of policies and legislative frameworks governing state duties, correlating them with actual court expenditures. By employing qualitative and quantitative methodologies, the research identifies key trends, enforcement issues, and implications for legal reforms. The findings aim to contribute to the discourse on judicial finance and propose actionable recommendations for enhancing the compensation mechanisms within Uzbekistan's judicial system.

The article highlights the issues of defining the concept of corruption in international documents and analyzing it as a social phenomenon. It also provides a comprehensive analysis of the essence, forms, and negative consequences of corruption based on sources such as UN resolutions, Council of Europe documents, and the UN Convention against Corruption. The complexity of studying corruption from legal and criminological perspectives, as well as its intrinsic connection with disruptions in society and public administration, is also revealed.

This study explores the complex relationship between activist groups and political parties in shaping the climate movement in Portugal. Through a combination of qualitative methods, including in-depth interviews with key stakeholders from environmental organizations, political parties, and governmental institutions, this research examines the dynamics of resistance and collaboration that characterize the climate activism landscape in the country. While political parties have provided institutional frameworks for environmental policies, activist groups have consistently challenged governmental inertia and pushed for more radical climate action. The findings reveal that the relationship between these two groups is often characterized by tension and compromise, but also synergy in certain instances, particularly in the context of youth-led movements like Fridays for Future. The paper discusses how these dynamics impact the effectiveness of the Portuguese climate movement in influencing national policy and contributing to international climate advocacy.

The article examines theoretical views and practical issues related to the objective aspects of the crime involving illegal manufacturing, processing, acquisition, storage, transportation, or dispatch of potent or toxic substances for illegal distribution purposes, as well as their illegal distribution. The author presents insights on the elements of the objective side of this crime, discusses the problems encountered in the legal qualification of such crimes, and proposes certain amendments aimed at improving the legislation concerning this criminal offense.

This article explores the territorial scope of criminal law, focusing on its theoretical foundations and legal frameworks in different jurisdictions. It examines how the principle of territoriality is applied in criminal justice systems, comparing legislative approaches from various countries. The study highlights the significance of sovereignty, jurisdiction, and international cooperation in enforcing criminal law across borders. The analysis aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of how territorial limits affect the implementation of criminal responsibility and the pursuit of justice in a globalized legal environment.