This article presents an in-depth analysis of the modernization process of Japan’s civil service system, with a particular emphasis on the evolution of personnel policy as a key mechanism of administrative transformation. The study situates Japan’s reform efforts within a broader historical and institutional context, tracing the trajectory of civil service development from its Meiji-era foundations through the post-war consolidation period to the administrative restructuring initiatives of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. By examining both legislative reforms and organizational practices, the article elucidates how Japan has sought to reconcile its traditional bureaucratic ethos—characterized by seniority-based promotion, lifetime employment, and hierarchical rigidity—with the demands of a rapidly changing global environment that emphasizes transparency, flexibility, and performance.

Special attention is given to the creation of centralized personnel management structures, such as the Cabinet Bureau of Personnel Affairs, and the gradual introduction of performance-based evaluation systems aimed at enhancing accountability and responsiveness within the public sector. The research also explores how ethical standards, gender equity initiatives, and cross-sectoral mobility have been addressed within the evolving human resource management framework. Methodologically, the study draws on official government reports, policy white papers, OECD assessments, and academic literature to offer a multi-dimensional view of Japan’s administrative reform process.

Japan’s civil service modernization experience offers valuable comparative insights for other countries—particularly those in East Asia, Central Asia, and post-socialist regions—that are currently undergoing institutional transformation. The Japanese case underscores the importance of balancing systemic continuity with targeted innovation, and highlights the role of culturally informed, incremental reform in achieving sustainable public sector development amidst global governance and digitalization trends.

Civil service, personnel policy, administrative reform

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