Volume 7.
Issue 02.

Carotid artery surgeries, including carotid endarterectomy and stenting, are critical procedures for stroke prevention. Despite their importance, intraoperative injuries remain a significant challenge, leading to complications such as embolism, vessel rupture, and nerve damage. This article reviews the incidence and management of such injuries, with a particular focus on Uzbekistan. It highlights local challenges such as equipment shortages and varying levels of surgeon expertise. Recommendations are provided for improving surgical outcomes by addressing these challenges and investing in better training and resources.

This study investigates the toxicological effects of Naja naja venom on DNA integrity in albino rats, with a focus on understanding its genotoxic potential. The venom of the Indian cobra (Naja naja) contains a complex mixture of proteins, enzymes, and toxins that may cause cellular damage, including DNA fragmentation. In this experiment, albino rats were administered varying doses of Naja naja venom, and the resultant DNA damage was assessed using the comet assay, a sensitive technique for detecting DNA strand breaks. Additionally, histopathological analysis of major organs was conducted to evaluate the venom's overall toxic effects. The results demonstrated significant DNA damage in the peripheral blood cells of the rats, with increased comet tail length and DNA fragmentation proportional to the venom dose. Histopathological findings showed cellular degeneration and necrosis in key organs, including the liver and kidneys. This study highlights the genotoxic effects of Naja naja venom, suggesting its potential as a hazard to DNA integrity. The findings underline the need for further research on the molecular mechanisms underlying venom-induced DNA damage and its implications for human health and safety.

Breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent malignancy among women globally. Historically regarded as a disease affecting older, middle-aged women, recent years have seen a growing incidence of BC among younger females, a trend also observed in studies conducted in Pakistan. This paper reviews the mutant functions of tumor suppressor genes (BRCA1, BRCA2, p53, ATM, and PTEN), epigenetic alterations, and the role of estrogen receptors in breast cancer development. Additionally, we examine the current BC scenario in Pakistan, highlighting a notably higher incidence among younger women. Data from SKMCH and RC indicate that women aged 45-49 years exhibit the highest incidence rate of 45.42%. Limited studies have reported a high expression of ER, PR, and HER-2/neu in Pakistani women. Furthermore, the presence of the BRCA1 (c.1961dupA) mutation in Pakistan aligns with global findings. However, no comprehensive studies have been conducted to investigate epigenetic transformations in breast tumors within the Pakistani population. This critical area of research warrants further exploration to provide a more complete understanding of BC in Pakistan.

This article examines existing technologies for calculating the parameters of laser vision correction. Achieving optimal results requires considering corneal characteristics, including its shape, thickness, and specific refractive abnormalities. The objective of this study is to analyze the methods used to determine laser correction parameters.

Techniques such as optical coherence tomography, confocal microscopy, and multilayer corneal structure analysis provide a comprehensive assessment of its condition, allowing for the consideration of refractive disorders such as myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism in determining laser exposure parameters.

The study demonstrates that technologies utilizing mathematical modeling enhance the accuracy of treatment outcome predictions. Three-dimensional corneal geometry analysis contributes to the predictability of surgical outcomes and minimizes the risk of complications. These methods pave the way for more effective vision correction techniques, positively impacting patients' quality of life.

The presented material will be valuable to ophthalmologists and developers of laser surgery equipment. The findings confirm the necessity of implementing methods based on individualized laser exposure calculations, as these technologies enable advancements in vision surgery and contribute to improving the quality of medical services.

Malaria infection is a major public health emergency that requires prime- concern due to its high cause of morbidity and mortality. This study investigated the recurrence of malaria infection in patients attending selected Kebbi State health facilities, Kebbi state Nigeria. Random sampling techniques were used. A total of 1200 samples were collected; thick films stained with Field stain A&B) and thin films (stained with3% Giemsa) were examined microscopically. Out of this samples 530 (44.16%) were infected, with total parasite density of 2107518/ul. plasmodium falciparon was the only species found. The highest infection 61 (61%) was Sir Yahaya Memorial Hospital (SYMH) Birnin kebbi with statewide infection 61 (5.08%) and parasite density 248616/ul followed by Kebbi Medical Center along Kalgo road Birnin kebbi, 59 (59%)with statewide infection of 59 (4.92%)and parasite density 203540/ul and the least was General Hospital Jega 24 (24%) with state wide infection of 24 (2%) and parasite density, 137696/ul (p<0.05). Kebbi South had the highest infection rate, 215 (53.75%) with statewide infection of 215 (17.92%) and parasite density, 802100/ul whereas the least was recorded in Kebbi East134 (33.5%) with parasite density 685600/ul and statewide infection of 134 (11.16%). Consistent statewide investigation and sustained awareness should be carried out to track progress and identify areas of data driven intervention needs for smart decision to combat malaria.

This study explores electroencephalographic (EEG) changes in patients with different types of chronic headaches, including aura and non-aura migraine, chronic tension-type headaches, and medication overuse headaches. The research analyzes EEG parameters such as dominant alpha rhythm, slow-wave activity, focal theta and delta rhythms, and hemispheric asymmetry during and outside migraine attacks. The findings indicate significant neurophysiological differences among headache types, which could aid in refining diagnostic criteria and developing personalized treatment strategies. The study also highlights the relationship between cognitive dysfunction and EEG alterations in migraine patients.

Breast and colorectal cancers represent primary malignancies that researchers worldwide analyze for genetic along with environmental risk elements to build therapeutic methods for better cancer outcomes. The most prevalent cancer in women is breast cancer along with colorectal cancer ranking second and third respectively among females. Adults across the globe most often experience these cancer types yet the present scenario shows rising incidence rates among younger patients. These early-onset tumors often start in the advanced stages of their aggressive type and produce a poor clinical outlook for patients. Past research initially concentrated on identifying genes which might help explain cancer origins but this approach changed in recent years. Scientific research has demonstrated that genetics and epigenetics together with environmental elements strongly affect cancer predisposition. Due to recent paradigm shifts in scientific inquiry researchers performed diverse investigations to analyze host microRNA response patterns and validated microbiota-gut communication systems which significantly influenced disease occurrence and state. These factors directly affect the disease's final results. Immunosuppression stands as a major worrisome consequence among all identified unfavorable effects of this disease because at present such patients remain susceptible to numerous infections. Recent scientific research found microbiome along with microRNA to substantially affect immunosuppression. The review tracked host microRNA activity alongside gut microbiome changes during disease development to determine their influence on immunosuppression in patients. Understanding the microRNA and microbiome interaction mechanisms with disease presentation effects on immune function would enable future therapeutic development opportunities targeting host microRNA and patient gut microbiome functions. The combination of inhibitory-miRNA therapies with miRNA mimic-based therapeutics and immune checkpoint blockade therapies and bacteria-assisted tumor-targeted therapies helps manage cancer. This study simultaneously investigated noninvasive biomarkers that could help with both cancer diagnosis and treatment plans and prognostic assessment.

This article presents the results of a comprehensive otolaryngological and microbiological study of diseases of the nose and paranasal sinuses in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. These diseases are closely interconnected, since the upper and lower respiratory tract are a single whole, have structures and functions and mechanisms for the development of pathological conditions. The etiopathogenesis of bacterial inflammatory diseases of the upper and lower respiratory tract is based on the disruption of the integrity of epithelial cells under the influence of respiratory viruses. Under the influence of the general toxic effect of the virus, phagocytosis is inhibited, immunological protection is disrupted, resulting in favorable conditions for microbial colonization in the nasopharynx and further spread of infections to the paranasal sinuses and lower respiratory tract. As a result of the clinical and microbiological study, it was revealed that inflammatory diseases of the nose and paranasal sinuses such as acute and chronic rhinosinusitis, allergic and vasomotor rhinitis, and deviated nasal septum were often encountered in community-acquired pneumonia. To determine the nature of the microbial landscape of the upper and lower respiratory tract, a comparative microbiological analysis of the nose and sputum was carried out. The analyzes showed that no significant difference in pathogenic microflora was detected between the upper and lower respiratory tract. The main pathogen in both diseases was Streptococcus pneumoniae. The correspondence of the pathogenic microflora of the nasal cavity and lower respiratory tract when detecting rhinosinusitis in patients with community-acquired pneumonia confirms the pathogenetic relationship of inflammatory processes in these organs, as well as the need for parallel diagnostics, treatment, and prevention.

As world statistics show, 60% of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis develop bronchopulmonary pathology. According to foreign authors, the number of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis increases annually by 1.5-2%, and today more than 2/3 of inpatients are affected by this pathology. Due to the anatomical, physiological and complementary characteristics of the upper and lower respiratory tracts, there is a tendency towards a protracted course of rhinosinusitis, which in turn leads to the spread of the infectious process to the lower respiratory tract. It should be noted that existing foci of infection in the upper respiratory tract spread to the lower respiratory tract through microaspiration after an acute respiratory illness, which is the cause of the development of chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, and in particular pneumonia. It should be noted that despite the efforts of a number of specialists in the treatment of penmonia, in recent years there has been a significant increase in the incidence rate, as well as, unfortunately, an increase in mortality among people of various age groups.

The use of endonasal splints in septoplasty has been extensively discussed in the literature in recent years. There are different types of splints, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. The results of surgery can vary considerably depending on the type of splint chosen and the methods of its application. This article discusses the effectiveness of a modified endonasal splint in preventing pathogenic microflora in the postoperative period, as well as possible complications.

Septoplasty is a common operation aimed at correction of nasal septal deformity. However, in the early postoperative period, patients face the risk of synechiae development, accumulation of blood and secretion in the nasal cavity, which creates favorable conditions for the growth of pathogenic microflora. Traditional nasal splints limit the natural drainage of the nasal cavity, contributing to stagnation of secretions. A modified endonasal splint with a central removable airway was developed to improve nasal hygiene by simplifying cleaning and reducing exudate accumulation. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of this splint on the dynamics of nasal cavity microflora in comparison with the traditional analogue.

This Article evaluated the prevalence of High Blood Pressure and its Associated Factors among the Adult  in an outpatient clinics in Kebbi State Nigeria. Hypertension, the silent killer, remains a major global health challenge in this 21st century despite advancements in technology and increasingly available therapeutic options. According to a new report from the World Health Organization, Hypertension is now the number 1 risk factor for premature death worldwide. It is preventable, controllable, and treatable, yet, a major threat to human survival at the global level. It affects more than one billion people and acts as the most prevalent risk factor for global mortality, with the highest prevalence of 27% in the WHO African Region. Nigeria, the most populous country in this region, contributes enormously to this burden. The rate is surging high as people gain more access to fast foods and live more sedentary lifestyles.This exploratory study is therefore aimed at assessing the prevalence and determinants of hypertension among the adult population in Kebbi State. The state is in the northwest region, which has one of the highest natality and mortality rate in Nigeria. Knowing the prevalence of hypertension and its associated factors in this small unit of the country will inform the government on the development of an appropriate measure for its effective management. This cross-sectional study was carried out with 270 Hospital outpatient attendees in Kebbi State. Participants were selected by simple random sampling, and a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to obtain data over a period of three (3) months. Standardized and calibrated instruments were also used to measure the systotic and diastolic blood pressure, and other anthropometric variables such as height, weight, Body Mass Index (BMI) and multiple body composition indices. Logistic regression analysis was conducted and statistical significance was declared at a p-value ≤0.05. Descriptive statistical techniques and correlation techniques that include correlation analysis, ANOVA and regression analysis were used to analyse the information. Data analysis by Statistical Package for Social Science version 20.0 revealed a prevalence of 28.9%. This is a signal of a hidden epidemic that requires intense public enlightenment on healthy lifestyles, enhanced Community screening programs, early detection through regular checkups, and a review of current guidelines on the management of hypertension. Age, BMI, and level of education were the three factors identified in this study as having enough covariates to predict hypertension. Lifestyle modification in the form of a healthy lifestyle, regular exercise, and healthy eating habits would reduce hypertension and its consequent cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in Kebbi State, northwestern region of Nigeria.

Berberine is a plant extract that exhibits an impressive array of therapeutic properties, including accelerated weight loss, improved insulin sensitivity, and protection from numerous chronic, degenerative diseases. Berberine exerts its effects in several ways, including by activating AMP- activated protein kinase (AMPK), an enzyme that governs metabolism and maintains whole-body energy homeostasis. Since AMPK influences the ageing process, long-term berberine consumption may extend lifespan by decelerating one’s rate of ageing. Besides its impact on AMPK, berberine also profoundly alters the gut microbiome, specifically in ways that reduce metabolic endotoxemia, a condition that promotes obesity and other metabolic disorders.

Berberine’s physiological effects are similar to those of metformin, but in comparative studies, berberine either matches or outperforms metformin. Considering metformin’s minor side effects, berberine’s absence of side effects, and berberine’s therapeutic potential against neurological degenerative diseases and a host of other chronic conditions, berberine is quickly gaining recognition for being one of the most powerful and most effective nutritional agents for weight loss, disease prevention, anti-ageing, and overall wellness.