Public water fluoridation, once a celebrated preventive dentistry milestone, is increasingly being reevaluated in light of current scientific, ethical, and policy considerations. While initially justified based on data suggesting systemic benefits from ingestion, current evidence demonstrates fluoride’s primary anticaries mechanism is topical, not systemic. Simultaneously, recent studies have linked fluoride ingestion—even at levels considered safe (0.7 mg/L) by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)—to neurodevelopmental harm, endocrine disruption, and musculoskeletal risks. This article presents a review of the scientific literature addressing fluoride’s mechanisms of action, its systemic risks, and the ethical challenges posed by involuntary mass medication. Based on recent epidemiological findings, policy developments, and bioethical principles, the continued practice of public water fluoridation appears scientifically outdated and ethically untenable.

Multiseptate gallbladder is a congenital alteration in the formation of this organ, resulting in septa in the lumen of the gallbladder. Cases of patients with this condition is quite rare in the world database, which means that the amount of papers published on this subject can be hard to find and in a few numbers. These conditions usually do not lead to symptoms in which a patient can live the entire life without a diagnosis; however, some patients may present an association with another pathology, especially in the abdominal region, which leads to an evaluation of the gallbladder and diagnosis of this septa. The main ways to diagnose this condition are through imaging tests, such as ultrasonography and computed tomography, which allow the perception of the wall, volume, consistence and lumen of this organ. Therefore, the present case report presents a picture of an asymptomatic patient diagnosed with multiseptate gallbladder. In addition, a review of the literature on the similar case reports presents in databases such as PubMed is included. Applying the knowledge acquired from the literature found it’s possible to understand that this condition occurs because of an alteration on the process that forms the gallbladder and it can manifest with symptoms or it can stay asymptomatic and just be found by accident. When this condition creates symptoms, the patient may need to go through a surgical procedure, like a cholecystectomy, but its only necessary in the presence of manifestations, otherwise, the patient can live a normal life with treating this alteration.

Prenatal stress has been increasingly recognized as a significant factor influencing fetal brain development, leading to long-term neuroanatomical and psychiatric consequences. This literature review synthesizes current research on the impact of maternal stress during pregnancy on offspring neurodevelopment, focusing on structural brain abnormalities and associated psychiatric disorders. Evidence suggests that prenatal stress disrupts neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function, increasing susceptibility to conditions such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), schizophrenia, and mood disorders. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing early intervention strategies to mitigate adverse outcomes.

The identification of semen is crucial in sexual assault investigations. This article reviews current methods for the forensic identification of seminal stains, encompassing initial detection, confirmatory testing, and DNA analysis. We discuss the principles, applications, and limitations of each technique. A comprehensive approach is essential, starting with initial detection methods like alternate light sources (ALS) to locate potential stains. Confirmatory tests, including microscopic identification of spermatozoa and biochemical assays for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) or semenogelin, provide more specific evidence. DNA analysis, particularly autosomal and Y-STR profiling, offers the highest level of individualization. This review highlights the importance of these techniques in providing evidence for legal proceedings, while also acknowledging factors that may complicate semen detection, such as the absence of spermatozoa or degradation of seminal components.