Chronic kidney disease, also called chronic kidney failure, describes the gradual loss of kidney function. Your kidneys filter wastes and excess fluids from your blood, which are then excreted in your urine. When chronic kidney disease reaches an advanced stage, dangerous levels of fluid, electrolytes and wastes can build up in your body. The following article analyses five different stages of the illnesses with characteristics of each type.

Study objective.  Evaluation of the immediate results of Ross procedure in a patient with aortic valve pathology.

Material and methods

This article describes the results of surgical treatment of 1 patient (11 years old) who underwent Ross procedure for aortic valve defect. The results of surgical treatment during the hospital period are analyzed.

This review examines changes in the hemostatic system parameters in patients with COVID-19 and analyzes their practical significance.  The article discusses modern approaches to the prevention and treatment of thrombotic/thromboembolic complications in COVID-19.

Along with the increase in the number of new cases, there is a large percentage of echinococcosis relapses, the frequency of which, according to various authors, varies widely from 3.3 to 54%, due to the existing terminology confusion. Material and methods of research. In the period from 2005 to 2019, 53 patients with recurrent echinococcosis of the lungs were operated on in the surgical Department of the 1st Sammi clinic. Research result. Immediate complications after surgery were observed in 6 (11.3%) patients. Postoperative mortality was observed in 1 (1.9%) case. The cause of death was acute cardiovascular failure. Conclusions. Analysis of the morphological characteristics of echinococcal cysts of the lungs showed that recurrent echinococcosis was most often found in echinococcus veterinorum (50.9%), echinococcus hominis (37.7%), and in echinococcus acephalocystis, there were no relapses of the disease, and if there were (6 – 11.3%), we associate this with reinvasia of the parasite.

To date, it has been established that 70% of people involved in tobacco growing have various diseases [4,6,]. Comparison of morbidity rates with temporary disability of workers employed in tobacco growing and the control group shows that tobacco growers get sick more often than others. The number of diseases they have is 37%, and the number of days of disability is 30% higher than in other types of agricultural work [8,4,1]. Diseases of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract, infectious and allergic diseases, nervous and cardiovascular systems, skin and subcutaneous tissue occupy the leading place in the structure of tobacco growers' morbidity.

The article examines the assessment of the clinical efficacy of the drug "Denta-Fluo" for the prevention of secondary caries in the treatment of deep fluoridation.

Everywhere today, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a general medical problem with profound socio-medical and economic consequences associated with its widespread prevalence among the population, disability, mortality due to the development of the terminal stage of the disease. The purpose of this stage of the work was to identify and assess the risk factors associated with albuminuria affecting the development of CKD. Based on these data, a mathematical model has been developed that allows calculating the risk index (RI) of CKD development.

Proteinuria, which is a predictor of early diagnosis of chronic kidney disease, is also a risk factor for the development and progression of renal pathology. The relationship is multifaceted and is built according to the type of feedback. On the one hand, the kidney can act as a target organ for most risk factors such as arterial hypertension, ischemic heart disease, diabetes mellitus, age, obesity associated with albuminuria. On the other hand, decreased renal function and severe albuminuria are an important reason for the accelerated development of end-stage chronic kidney disease.

The article presents the features of the clinical course of chronic brucellosis at the present stage, the issues of diagnostics and treatment, taking into account the results of our own observations of patients with damage of the nervous system and musculoskeletal system. There is characteristic of clinical and epidemiological, laboratory and instrumental diagnostics of chronic brucellosis, the issues of etiopathogenetic therapy are considered.

The pathogenesis, clinic, and treatment of kidney damage in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are considered. It is noted that if at the beginning of the disease signs of kidney damage are present in 25-50% of SLE patients, then later they are detected in almost 60% of adults and 80% of children. Variants of kidney damage in SLE are described.

The pathogenesis of SLE is generally considered on the model of lupus nephritis. The morphological classification of lupus nephritis, features of the main nephrological syndromes, and clinical variants (active and inactive) are presented. It is indicated that the treatment strategy depends on the activity of the disease, the clinical and morphological variant of lupus nephritis.

This article presents information and conclusions about helminths in children in Surkhandarya region of Uzbekistan. According to the research results, in Surkhandarya province 44% of children are infected with enterobiasis and 23% with ascariasis, and the reasons for this are explained.

Malignant neoplasms are one of the most relevant areas of modern medicine.  More than 120 thousand people annually.  recognized as disabled due to oncological diseases.  In the structure of mortality from this class of diseases, about 30% are people of working age [1,5,9].

In the structure of primary disability, malignant neoplasms occupy the 2nd place after diseases of the circulatory system (16-20% of the total number of those who were first recognized as disabled) [1,2,9].

Affected mainly by the population in active working age, up to 90-95% of patients at the initial examination are recognized as invalids of groups I-II [22].

In men, the main disabling disease is lung cancer - 27.8%, in second place - stomach cancer - 11.3%, in third - cancer of the rectum and colon - 11.0%, in fourth - cancer of the larynx - 7.3%. In women, the leading disabling disease is breast cancer - 39.5% and female genital cancer - 26.3%.  Cancer of the rectum and colon occupies 9.2% in the structure of primary disability in women [11,12,18].

Currently, there is a sharp increase in gynecological diseases in women. These are especially dangerous and safe tumors. In this article, we will focus on safe uterine tumors.

This article examines how social and health inequalities shape the health impacts of climate change, and what the implications are for climate change adaptation and health care provision. Exposure to heat and cold, air pollution, pollen, food safety risks, disruptions to access to and functioning of health services and facilities, emerging infections and flooding are examined as the key impacts of climate change influencing health outcomes. Health education and public preparedness measures that take into account differential exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity of different groups help address health and social inequalities to do with climate change.

Despite significant advances in oncology and neurosurgery, glial brain tumors continue to be an urgent problem of modern healthcare. The proportion of gliomas in the total structure of glial neoplasms is 40-45%, mainly they are detected at the age of 30-60 years, affecting the most able-bodied part of the population. Glial neoplasms, as a rule, develop from cells of the astrocytic or oligodendrocytic population and are characterized by a rapid growth rate of the primary tumor node, invasiveness, a tendency to early metastasis, a high recurrence rate, and a poor prognosis. The primary importance of tumor removal in the treatment of the disease is also generally recognized in cases where the pathological process is complicated by persistent disorders of the cerebrospinal fluid, deformation and expansion of the cerebrospinal fluid cavities. Naturally, the development of hydrocephalus, especially hydrocephalic-hypertensive syndrome, changes the course and prognosis of the disease and requires significant correction of the diagnostic and therapeutic process. As with most malignant tumors, anaplastic types of gliomas are characterized by the intensive development of the pathological vasculature, which accelerates the growth rate of the neoplasm, the rate of invasion and metastasis, and also increases the risk for patients due to the possibility of hemorrhage into the tumor. The nodular type of growth with a clearly defined border and insignificant infiltration is less common in conditionally benign gliomas, which have a more favorable prognosis of treatment. In the end, it is concluded that the described methods do not exhaust all proposals for increasing the effectiveness of the treatment of glial tumors and the development of new methods will bring neurooncologists closer to solving this urgent problem.

Hemorrhagic stroke is less common than ischemic stroke and is heavier and in most cases has an adverse outcome in the form of death of a patient or permanent disability.Recently, there has been a tendency to increase the frequency of GI, which is increasingly found at a younger age. GI is based on a rupture of blood vessels, the development of hemorrhage and as a consequence - the formation of cerebral edema, ischemia of brain tissue, violation of the integrity of GBS, imbalance of the neuroimmune system, as well as violation of the function of other systems and organs.

The article describes the history of the formation of the Ombudsman in Uzbekistan, its legal status in ensuring the rights and freedoms of citizens, historical activities, restoration of violated rights of citizens, improvement of legislation, authority and participation in raising legal awareness. It also covers the activities of the Ombudsman's Regional Representatives, the Ombudsman's response to complaints, the investigation of complaints, legal literacy, human rights relations with organizations and officials. The article also highlights one of the most important changes in the life of the renewed Uzbekistan, the activities of the Commissioner for the Protection of the Rights and Legal Interests of Business Entities - "Business Ombudsman", established under the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

Stroke is one of the leading causes of death. Every 7th patient with stroke is of a hemorrhagic nature, from which the mortality rate is 35-40%, and disability is 75%, and 10% disabled are bedridden. The disease has social impact, as it is common among working-age population. In the past three decades, neurosurgeons conducted an active search for and introduction of new methods of treatment of primary intracerebral hematomas. That is, patients with extravasations have the most pronounced neurological deficit and require prompt action to eliminate it. Thus, the admission of patients to specialized neurosurgical department, the proper selection of patients for surgery, the use in surgery minimally invasive methods and usage of modern technologies postoperative mortality does not exceed 25%, and the time from diagnosis to the possibility of a complete rehabilitation therapy is 1.5-2 weeks.

With the progressive growth of the chemical industry and extensive chemization of multiple areas of the national economy, as well as the regular introduction into production of various chemical compounds that have irritating, toxic, sensitizing, carcinogenic properties on the body, it is becoming more relevant and very important to study them in more detail.

In diabetes mellitus, a small focus of infection causes significant gangrene of the foot due to thrombosis of the peripheral and central vessels of the fingers.  In 35–40% of patients with diabetes mellitus, isolated gangrene of several fingers is noted, and in 20–25% - only one finger.  Gangrene of the foot can be dry or with a predominance of anaerobic-non-clostridial infection.  Some patients have necrosis or gangrene of certain areas of the skin of the foot or lower leg.  The main goal of diabetic gangrene treatment is to keep the areas of wet skin necrosis dry.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the literary sources of recent years dedicated to the degree of occurrence, the structure of morbidity and the pathogenetic basis of parasitic infections occurring in children. In addition, the features of the detection of nematodes, cestodoses and rematodes in different countries of the world are given. The basics of diagnosis and prevention of parasitic infections in children are described.

Premature pregnancy is one of the factors in the occurrence of hemangiomas in newborns. Retrospective analysis of data from case histories and outpatient cards of the surgery department of 1 city hospital and polyclinics in Tashkent for 2015-2017. Depending on the pregnancy, premature babies with skin and soft tissue hemangiomas were divided into 3 groups: 1st group (n = 11) - with a gestation period of 27-30 weeks; Group 2 (n = 14) - with a gestation period of 31-33 weeks; 3rd group (n = 8) - with gestational age 34-36 weeks. The children were also distributed depending on weight: with a body weight of less than 1000 grams - 1st subgroup (n = 7), with a body weight from 1000 to 1500 grams - 2nd subgroup (n = 6), with body weight from 1500 to 2000 grams - 3rd subgroup (n = 9), with body weight over 2000 grams - 4th subgroup (n = 11). We found that the incidence of hemangiomas in premature babies depends on the duration of pregnancy and body weight at birth. The risk factors for the occurrence of hemangiomas of the skin and soft tissues in premature babies are the gestation period of less than 30 weeks. and extremely low birth weight.

The results of the research of 44 patients with lung abscesses complicated by bronchial fistula of various etiology, who were treated in the purulent surgical department in the clinical base of the Bukhara State Institute in 2010-2019, were analyzed. All patients, depending on the method of treatment, were divided into 2 groups: I - comparison group and II - main. The controlled group I consisted of 31 (70.4%) patients who received traditional (conservative) methods of treatment. The II - main group included 13 (29.5%) patients who, in addition to conservative treatment, underwent transtrachial drainage of a purulent focus with sanitation with antibacterial and diluting drugs (trypsin, chymotrypsin). The analysis of the obtained results revealed that although transtrachial drainage of a purulent focus of the lung is a more effective method than conservative treatment, it also has its drawbacks in the form of complications such as: tracheobronchitis 23.1%, suppuration of soft tissues in the area of microtrachestomy 15.4%, bronchospasm 7.6%, self-extradition of the catheter 23.1%, from the purulent cavity and loss of microdrainage 7.6%.