This article examines the distribution of land resources in foreign countries, general issues of state regulation of land relations in certain developed countries and CIS states, as well as different approaches to monitoring compliance with land legislation in the United States, Europe, and the CIS. It explores the role of prosecutor’s offices in overseeing land law enforcement abroad, the organizational structures of prosecutorial bodies established for land oversight, and their respective functions and responsibilities. The article also presents relevant statistical data, analyzes the classification of foreign prosecutor’s offices into those responsible for criminal prosecution and those tasked with legal oversight, and highlights theoretical aspects of the topic. Scientific perspectives, expert opinions, and ongoing scholarly debates are also considered. Furthermore, the article includes proposals for improving the legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan based on advanced international practices in the state regulation of land relations, along with the author’s personal conclusions related to the topic.

The role of the prosecutor in the criminal justice system is imbued with significant power and discretion, influencing charging decisions, plea bargains, and ultimately, the perception of defendant culpability. While extensive research has explored factors affecting juror and public perceptions of guilt, the impact of the prosecutor's gender remains an underexplored area. This article investigates how the gender of a prosecutor might influence perceptions of a defendant's culpability, drawing upon theories of gender stereotypes and role congruity. Through a comprehensive literature review, we examine the powerful role of prosecutors, the mechanisms of culpability perception, and the broader effects of gender in professional and legal contexts. This review outlines a hypothetical experimental design to empirically test this relationship, discussing potential findings and their implications for fairness, bias, and professional development within the legal system. Understanding these gender dynamics is crucial for fostering a more equitable and just legal process.

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the mechanisms for introducing dual-use technologies into defense and public-security frameworks. The topic’s relevance stems from rapid advances in technical solutions that blur the traditional lines between civilian and military applications—creating new opportunities to boost efficiency across multiple sectors, while simultaneously posing significant risks of international destabilization and threats to national integrity. The study aims to survey contemporary models for integrating dual-use technologies, to identify regulatory, economic, and ethical constraints, and to pinpoint the most promising practices for strengthening defense capabilities and enhancing public protection in a holistic manner. Emphasis is placed on technological domains such as artificial intelligence, biological systems, cybersecurity, and autonomous unmanned platforms. Drawing on current research, the paper demonstrates how adaptive management strategies for dual-use technologies can deliver flexible responses to rapidly evolving challenges. Special attention is given to the need for robust interagency and transnational coalitions, as well as the creation of legal frameworks that simultaneously foster innovation. The findings will benefit defense-policy and security-management professionals, technology-transfer experts, and representatives of governmental bodies and high-tech firms seeking balanced solutions in an era of technological turbulence.

The article analyzes Draft Law No. 6294 of the Republic of Uzbekistan, “On the Protection of the Rights of Users of Online Platforms and Websites,” which was released for public discussion by the Information and Mass Communications Agency (IMCA) under the Presidential Administration of Uzbekistan. Particular attention is given to the terminology proposed in the draft within the framework of the principle of legal certainty, and a comparative analysis is carried out against corresponding legislation in other jurisdictions.

This article analyzes the legal basis and practical significance of the right to appeal to the court in disputes regarding reinstatement. The right to judicial protection is one of the constitutional and inalienable human rights, and this right also serves as an important guarantee in labor relations. The Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the Labor Code, the Law "On Courts," and international legal documents, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, widely cover the right to appeal to the court. In particular, the new edition of the Labor Code clearly defines the procedure for considering claims for reinstatement in court. At the same time, it was indicated that there are some problems, ambiguities, and norms in the legislation leading to various interpretations in the restoration of labor rights of rehabilitated persons. The article takes a systematic approach to these issues.

This article analyzes the theoretical and practical aspects of imposing non-custodial punishments in the criminal legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan, focusing on their legal nature, forms, scope of application, and challenges in enforcement. The shift from traditional custodial sanctions toward more humane and rehabilitative alternatives is reviewed in light of legislative reforms, court practices, and international human rights standards. Particular attention is given to fines, correctional labor, community service, deprivation of rights, and restriction of liberty. The study emphasizes the need to further refine the legal framework to ensure clarity, consistency, and effective implementation of such penalties. Drawing upon comparative legal analysis, including the experience of Armenia and Ukraine, the author proposes concrete legislative recommendations aimed at enhancing the legal regulation and execution of non-custodial sentences in Uzbekistan. The article concludes that strengthening the institutional and procedural aspects of these penalties can contribute to the overall liberalization and humanization of the penal system.

This article analyzes the concept and classification of public service. The opinions of scientists and specialists on civil service were discussed. The experience of national and foreign countries in the provision of public services is analyzed.

Proposals and recommendations for solving problems related to the industry are given.

This article examines topical issues concerning the constitutional foundations of legal regulation of judges' labor in the Republic of Uzbekistan.

The principles and guarantees of judges' labor enshrined in the Constitution are identified and analyzed.

The article presents an analysis of the interaction between state and public structures in the field of legal assistance to ensure access to justice for socially vulnerable groups. In this article, the mechanisms of cooperation, barriers, and strategies to enhance effectiveness under conditions of intensified social stratification and legal complexity will be examined. The relevance of this work can be attributed to the enormous scale of the problem: 5 billion people lack access to justice, and 92% of low-income Americans face unresolved legal issues. The methodological framework employed here comprises a comparative analysis of three legal systems (India, the USA, and Australia), conducted through a systematic review of 13 sources (international acts, statistics, and cases), supplemented by content data evaluation. It was observed that state aid governed by statutes provides fundamental support. However, it comes with bureaucracy and underfunding. Key findings underscore the need for reforms that can fundamentally eliminate systemic barriers. Major issues include gender differences, significant delays in immigration courts, and insufficient free assistance. The successful plans that halted large evictions by teaming up in the Right to Counsel program in New York City reveal something else. Suggestions include more cash, online help, law school, and focused things for weak people (like migrants and ethnic groups). This article is useful for attorneys, human rights advocates, lawmakers, and scholars who want to promote justice, access, and social fairness.

In the context of globalization and digitalization, the rapid development of cross-border e-commerce has promoted the cross-border flow of personal information, but also brought challenges to data security and privacy protection. The cross-border transmission of personal information involves complex legal jurisdiction conflicts, and the regulatory systems of various countries vary significantly. The lack of unified international rules leads to high compliance costs for enterprises. China's "Personal Information Protection Law" and other laws and regulations have established a framework for personal information protection, but there are still problems such as insufficient legal connection and weak industry self-discipline mechanism. In order to optimize the governance system, we can learn from Singapore's "regulatory sandbox" model, promote technological innovation, and strengthen regional cooperation. In the future, it is necessary to balance security and development, establish a hierarchical and classified protection system, and form a governance network of government, enterprise, technology, and international collaboration to protect citizens' rights and promote the sustainable development of cross-border e-commerce.

The article is dedicated to research on the implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in the justice sector, with a focus on predictive coding and "predicted justice." A comparative legal analysis of the practice of the USA, China, European Union countries, and France was conducted. Special attention is paid to the role of AI at the proof stage: analysis of evidence, automation of legal procedures, and reduction of corruption risks. Examples of court cases illustrate both the possibilities and risks of applying AI in court proceedings. Institutional and ethical limitations, including issues of trust, algorithm reliability, and equality of parties, are also considered. It is noted that despite technological progress, full confidence in AI in the judicial system has not yet been formed. It was concluded that it is necessary to develop general regulations and gradually implement AI, taking into account the principles of procedural fairness.

The article examines phishing and carding as forms of fraud committed in the digital environment from the perspective of criminal law. It analyzes the specifics of their legal qualification under the legislation of the Russian Federation and foreign countries, identifying gaps and inconsistencies in the application of criminal law norms. The article also proposes directions for improving legislation and its enforcement practices to enhance the effectiveness of combating these types of cybercrime.

This scientific article analyzes the key theoretical, legal, and practical aspects of organizing prosecutorial oversight for the precise and rigorous implementation of legislation in the forestry sector of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Special attention is given to identifying the characteristic features and problematic situations that arise during the execution of supervisory activities in this field. Moreover, the work substantiates relevant proposals and recommendations aimed at further optimizing and institutionally improving the mechanisms of prosecutorial oversight, taking into account the specifics of legal regulation, environmental factors, and strategic objectives of sustainable forest resource management within the context of national legislation and international commitments.

This article addresses the systemic issues of procedural errors in the pre-trial phase of criminal proceedings in Uzbekistan. The research focuses on the theoretical nature of such errors, their classification, and their implications for judicial fairness and legal integrity. Drawing from domestic legal norms, empirical data, and comparative international practice, the article proposes reforms for strengthening judicial mechanisms to detect and eliminate these errors effectively. The goal is to enhance procedural safeguards and ensure compliance with fundamental rights during criminal prosecution.

The study analyzes the development of the Republic of Korea's foreign policy. The country has followed a path of strict dependence on the United States in both security and economics, while simultaneously working to strengthen its position as a "middle" and "global" power, influencing politics in the East Asian region and the world as a whole. The evolution of its foreign policy presents an interesting case study regarding the tools and mechanisms used to formulate strategies to achieve its interests. Although the Republic of Korea is limited in choosing a strategic course, it has managed to develop soft power mechanisms in the context of globalization, establishing itself as an important player in innovation and economics both regionally and globally.