Volume 5.
Issue 10.

This paper examines the relationship between environmental, social, and governance (ESG) metrics, particularly governance mechanisms, and market valuation in emerging financial markets. Drawing on empirical evidence from previous studies across multiple emerging economies and foundational work by Ogundipe (2019) on Nigerian deposit money banks, this research synthesizes findings on how board characteristics, ownership structures, and regulatory contexts influence firm value. A critical distinction emerges between substantive governance, characterized by active board oversight, meeting frequency, and stakeholder engagement, and symbolic governance, which involves formal compliance structures without demonstrable monitoring intensity. Evidence indicates that markets in emerging economies reward observable governance actions rather than merely stated independence, with board diligence, gender diversity, and sustainability committees showing consistent positive associations with firm valuation. However, the governance pillar of ESG demonstrates more mixed effects compared to environmental and social dimensions, suggesting context-dependent valuation impacts. Ownership concentration, regulatory reforms, and industry-specific factors moderate these relationships. The findings have significant implications for corporate boards seeking to enhance market value, investors incorporating governance diagnostics into valuation models, and policymakers designing disclosure frameworks that emphasize auditable governance intensity over formal compliance checklists.

The study explores the management leadership stylers as a catalyst to organizational strength and perspectives among private and public Higher Education Institutions (HEI).

                Mixed method is utilized in the study which focuses on quantitative measures to measure the extent of management leadership style as a catalyst to organizational strength and perspectives among the respondents while qualitative is used to evaluate how the management leadership style serves as a catalyst to organizational strength and perspectives among the respondents. Likewise, convenience sampling is utilized in the selection of the sample size. The study comprised One Hundred Twenty Five (125) respondents only.

                Results show that leadership is concerned on the well-being of the members of team in the organization, consider as high standard and expect members of the team to do the same, show that everyone believes they can work for the best in the team and involves in the decision making, show that leader is best in bringing people, and show that leaders have the capacity to take responsibility and a role leaders when needed that can be counted to adopt to new environment and flexibility.

This article is devoted to issues of state ownership in some solutions to the management of state assets. Consideration of issues related to property rights and its significance plays an important role. The problems of maintaining state property include several points related to ineffective management, failures and incompetent organization of work.

The objective of this study is to examine the factors contributing to the delay in primary banks granting credit to individuals. For this purpose, we collected data from 101 individuals using paper questionnaires. Subsequently, we constructed a database to organize the recorded data. Using the R software, we performed data processing. Our analysis involved two methods: descriptive analysis and econometric analysis.

The findings from this analysis indicate that internal organization, file quality, and administrative procedures for processing files have a significant impact on the delayed implementation of credit. To address these issues, we have developed recommendations for the managers of these institutions based on the obtained results. These recommendations aim to alleviate the problems associated with slowness in credit processing.

In the realm of computer science and networking, priority queuing plays a pivotal role in managing data traffic, ensuring efficient resource allocation, and maintaining Quality of Service (QoS) standards. This experimental study delves into the comparative analysis of various reallocation mechanisms within priority queues. We investigate the dynamic processes of swapping and reshuffling priorities, shedding light on their impact on system performance. By conducting extensive experiments and simulations, we provide insights into the advantages and disadvantages of different reallocation strategies. Our findings offer valuable guidance for optimizing priority queue management in diverse applications, from network traffic control to task scheduling.

The study investigates the retention of local inventors and scientist for economic development through policy amendments. It aims to investigate how may the profile of the respondents be described in terms of gender, age, highest educational attainment, and, years of experiences in his/her field. Likewise, to measure existing policies to the retention of local inventors and scientists in the Philippines demonstrating “as Planned” and “as Implemented” among the respondents, to what extent do these policies affect the decision of local inventors and scientists to stay or leave the country, and to what extent does the demographic profile moderate the retention of scientist and inventors in the Philippines.

This study utilizes the descriptive quantitative research design which aims to describe the systematically and accurately phenomenon and situation of the study. Purposive sampling is utilized in gathering the sample size. It is straightforward and simple in its complexity. The study comprised One Hundred Fifty (150) only.

Results show that most of the profiles of respondents are female with the age bracket of 46-66 years of age where they have obtained a graduate studies with 11-15 years of experienced as inventors and scientists in their own fields which shows that they are knowledgeable on the RA 7459 and RA 11035 among them as basis for economic development policy amendment, show that the existing policies to the retention and local inventors and scientists are initially planned by the respondents which is being supported by the government. Likewise, the implemented policies of RA 7459 shows that they are being supported by the government as mandated in the existing policy for the retention of local inventors and scientists in the Philippines, show that the extent of the policies for the decision the local inventors and scientist to stay or leave in the country is being initiated in the objectives of RA 7459 which are conducive for the respondents to stay in the country because the policy is being supported from the government significantly that influences their  decision to continue their work as an inventor/scientist in the Philippines, and show that the extent of the demographic profile moderate in retention of scientists and inventors in the Philippines under the incentives of RA 7459 that motivates them to continue their work as a scientist/inventor in the Philippines since they are satisfied with the overall support from the government for scientists and inventors influence their decision to stay or leave the country.

The objective of this thesis is to examine the feasibility of enhancing the utilisation of digital platforms for marketing initiatives within the tourism industry. The objective of this research is to evaluate the feasibility of utilising digital platforms as a means of constructing a proficient marketing strategy for the tourism sector. The objective will be achieved through the execution of an investigation into the dominant trends, audience segments, and advertising strategies employed across diverse channels. The study aims to enhance comprehension of the topic by evaluating the efficacy of diverse marketing techniques employed in the tourism sector, including influencer marketing, content marketing, and social media advertising. The objective of this investigation is to explore the potential application of these concepts in developing marketing strategies that are more efficient. The present research endeavour aims to ascertain potential hindrances that could impede the utilisation of diverse marketing channels and to devise effective strategies to enhance their efficacy within the marketing amalgam. The main aim of this endeavour is to improve the effectiveness of the marketing mix. The principal aim of this research is to gain significant perspectives on the efficient utilisation of digital marketing as a pivotal instrument for advancing the tourism sector.

This study was designed to examine barriers to harmonization of the sub-systems of primary education in the Littoral and South West Regions of Cameroon. The study was guided by two objectives which where to inquire whether bicultural traditions of the country is a hindrance to the harmonization process of the curriculum of primary education and to find out if the fear of assimilation is a barrier to harmonization of the curriculum of primary education. The concurrent mixed-methods research approach specifically the descriptive survey design was adopted for the study. The sample population for the study was made up of 20 pedagogic staff from the Regional Delegation, 20 from the Divisional Delegation, 20 from the Inspectorates, 200 head teachers and 300 teachers from both regions. The purposive and simple random sampling techniques was adopted for the study. The instruments use for data collection were a questionnaire (closed ended questions) for Teachers and Head teachers and an interview guide for regional delegation staff, divisional delegation staff and inspectorate staff.  Data from the close ended questions was analysed using SPSS 23.0, with the aid of descriptive and inferential statistical tools while open ended questions were analysed thematically. The hypotheses of the study were tested using Chi-square test. Statistically, findings showed that head teachers and teachers did not significantly differ in their perception on the bi-cultural tradition of the country acting as a barrier to the harmonization of the curriculum for primary education (P=0.270, >0.05) whereby majority of the head teachers 154 (76.9%) and teachers 214 (71.4%) strongly agree and agree that the bi-cultural tradition of the country is a barrier to the harmonization of the curriculum for primary education while a minority of the head teachers 46 (23.1%) and teachers 86 (28.6%) disagree and strongly disagree. Statistically, findings showed that head teachers and teachers did not significantly differ in their perception on the fear of assimilation acting as a barrier to the harmonization of the curriculum for primary education. (P=0.555, >0.05) whereby, majority of the head teachers 144 (71.8%) and teachers 222 (74.1%) of almost the same proportion strongly agree and agree that the fear of assimilation is a barrier to the harmonization of the curriculum for primary education while a minority of the head teachers 56 (28.2%) and teachers 78 (25.9%) disagree and strongly disagree. It is generally recommended that, harmonization in its context of preserving cultural patrimony as an objective of multicultural education. Cultural patrimony refers to the sum total of ways of living, including values, beliefs, aesthetic standards, linguistic expression, and patterns of thinking, behavioural norms and styles of communication, which a group of people have developed to assure its survival in a particular physical and human environment.

Research background: Nowadays, using marketing strategies and initiatives are becoming must-have tools for the development of hospitality businesses in Uzbekistan. Although there are a few strategies and initiatives, Hotels lack further marketing compaigns in order to push hotel performance forward in terms of economic profit and tourist attention to the area hotel situated. Marketing plays a key role for the development of the hotel performance if implemented step by step, with a proper plan.

Purpose of this article: The article analyses selected hotel businesses in Uzbekistan using the data of their websites. With the help of marketing strategies, this article finds out wether it is necessary or not to modify current traditional marketing tools in the environment of chosen organisations. The aim of this article to analyze and make suggestions the most frequently applied marketing tools in the environment of chosen organisations.

Methods: Both descriptive and comperative methods are used to analyze current marketing condition of selected businesses, comparing them to give suggestions where necessary. In this article, we work with the hypothesis that the application of the marketing concept will be different among hotel organisations and we assume that marketing strategies will require a certain degree of modification.

Findings and value added: Based on performed analysis, It is evaluated that the findings of this issue and suggest other options for the implementation of marketing tools in the environment of hotel organizations.

In the contemporary landscape of corporate finance, the integrity of financial statements stands as a linchpin of trust and transparency for investors and stakeholders. This study delves into the intricate interplay between three crucial factors—corporate governance practices, leverage levels, and company size—and their collective impact on the integrity of financial statements. Through rigorous empirical analysis and data-driven insights, we uncover the complex relationships that underpin these variables. Our research unveils how corporate governance mechanisms, financial leverage choices, and the scale of an organization converge to influence the reliability, accuracy, and transparency of financial reporting. As regulatory scrutiny intensifies and investor confidence remains paramount, the findings of this study hold practical significance for corporate leaders, regulators, and investors alike, guiding efforts to fortify the guardianship of financial integrity in an ever-evolving business landscape.