This study delves into the pivotal role of hotel marketing as an independent variable, sustainable hotel development as a dependent variable, and the interaction of expatriates to form the intellectual and philosophical framework for this study. The study commences with a fundamental question: What is the impact of hotel marketing in implementing sustainable development in hotel institutions in Erbil Governorate? The study aims to achieve the following objectives: to underscore the role of hotel marketing in achieving sustainable hotel development and to illuminate the marketing function as one of the most crucial avenues for implementing sustainable hotel development. (100) questionnaires were randomly distributed to visitors to various hotel establishments in Erbil Governorate, and 90 questionnaires were retrieved from them, indicating that the actual number of the sample for this study is (90) samples.

This study investigates the effectiveness of a Health Belief Model (HBM)-based educational intervention aimed at enhancing osteoporosis self-efficacy among female academicians in Malaysia. Osteoporosis poses a significant health concern, particularly for women, and self-efficacy plays a crucial role in adopting preventive behaviors. The intervention employs HBM constructs to educate participants about osteoporosis risk factors, susceptibility, severity, benefits of preventive actions, and barriers to adherence. Pre- and post-intervention assessments are conducted using the Osteoporosis Self-Efficacy Scale (OSES) to measure changes in self-efficacy beliefs. The findings contribute to the development of targeted interventions promoting osteoporosis awareness and self-management among female academicians.

The field of engineering education needs to adapt to the rapid advancements in technology and the increasing complexity of modern systems. This necessitates a shift towards more interdisciplinary approaches. In this study, we assess the impact of integrating elements from computer science, materials science, and design into traditional mechanical and electrical electronics curricula. We employ a mixed-methods approach that combines quantitative assessment of student performance with qualitative analysis of student experiences. Our goal is to examine the potential benefits and challenges of interdisciplinary learning in this particular domain. The results of our study indicate that interdisciplinary approaches can have a positive impact on students' problem-solving abilities. Furthermore, these approaches can foster creativity and better prepare students for the multifaceted demands of the industry. However, we also identified several challenges that need to be addressed in order to effectively implement interdisciplinary education. These challenges include curriculum design, resource allocation, and faculty expertise. Overall, our research contributes to the ongoing discourse on interdisciplinary education. It provides valuable insights for educators, policymakers, and industry stakeholders who are interested in cultivating a versatile and adaptable workforce. Such a workforce would be capable of addressing the complex technological challenges that arise in today's world. In conclusion, as technology continues to advance at a rapid pace, it is crucial for engineering education to embrace interdisciplinary approaches. By integrating elements from various disciplines, such as computer science, materials science, and design, we can enhance students' problem-solving abilities and prepare them for the demands of the industry. However, it is important to address the challenges associated with interdisciplinary education in order to ensure its effective implementation and maximize its benefits.

This study investigates energy and water consumption patterns in an apartment building through a comparative analysis. Understanding the dynamics of energy and water usage is essential for promoting sustainability and efficiency in residential buildings. The research employs data collection methods to gather information on energy and water consumption from multiple units within the apartment building. Comparative analysis techniques are then utilized to identify trends, variations, and potential areas for improvement in consumption patterns. The findings provide valuable insights into factors influencing energy and water usage, including occupancy patterns, appliance efficiency, and resident behaviors.