Volume 8.
Issue 05.

This article analyzes wild relatives of cultivated plants from the Fabaceae Lindl. family in the Ustyurt flora and their forage value. Analysis of the abstract revealed that the wild relatives of cultivated plants in the Ustyurt flora consist of 36 species, and it was found that all of these species are readily consumed by animals in the region. It was established that the studied species (including representatives of the genera Alhagi L., Glycyrrhiza L., Ammodendron L., Medicago L., and some species of Astragalus L.) possess a unique set of adaptations to the extreme conditions of the arid zone—high drought resistance and salt tolerance.

Agricultural productivity remains a critical determinant of economic stability, food security, and sustainable development in both developing and developed economies. The increasing demand for high-quality agricultural products, coupled with the need for efficient resource utilization, necessitates the integration of advanced biological engineering systems and optimization techniques. This study presents an analytical modeling framework that leverages biological engineering principles, machine learning-based classification, and non-destructive sensing technologies to enhance agricultural productivity. The research synthesizes existing methodologies such as image-based fruit grading, near-infrared spectroscopy, and automated sorting systems into a unified optimization model. Empirical insights derived from existing literature are integrated to demonstrate the effectiveness of system-level optimization in improving yield quality, reducing post-harvest losses, and enhancing export competitiveness. The proposed model also incorporates economic data trends to align productivity improvements with market demands. The findings suggest that a systems-based analytical approach significantly improves efficiency across agricultural value chains. However, implementation challenges such as technological accessibility, cost constraints, and data integration limitations remain critical considerations. The study contributes to the advancement of agricultural engineering by providing a scalable and adaptable framework for optimizing biological systems in agriculture.

This study presents a comparative cytogenetic characterization of seven sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) varieties based on karyotype analysis. The varieties Nimerchanskaya-030, Oniks, Novella, Lara, Diyor, Drujba, and Viktoriya were investigated using somatic metaphase chromosome analysis and idiogram construction. Two representative samples from each variety were analyzed, and idiograms were developed using IdeoKar software and graphically refined in Adobe Photoshop. Cytogenetic evaluation included 14 karyological parameters, including mean chromosome length (HCL), total form percentage (TF%), centromeric index (CI), arm ratio (AR), and karyotype asymmetry indices (AsK%, A₁, A₂, and AI). All varieties possessed the diploid chromosome number of 2n = 18 and consisted of metacentric and submetacentric chromosomes. Despite the conserved chromosome number, considerable inter-varietal variation was detected in chromosome length, centromere position, arm ratio, and karyotype asymmetry. Haploid chromosome analysis further demonstrated structural variation among varieties, with larger chromosomes predominantly classified as submetacentric and smaller chromosomes as metacentric. The constructed idiograms clearly illustrated these cytogenetic differences and provided a reliable basis for varietal identification, comparative karyotype characterization, and cytogenetic evaluation of sugar beet germplasm. The findings expand current knowledge of chromosome organization in Beta vulgaris and provide valuable cytogenetic information for future genetic research and breeding programs.

Milk and dairy products are of great importance from the perspective of food safety, and the presence of antibiotic residues in their composition may pose a potential risk to human health. The widespread therapeutic use of antibiotics in livestock practice can lead to the occurrence of these residues in milk when withdrawal periods before milking are not properly observed. Therefore, the detection and quantitative assessment of antibiotic residues in milk is considered a relevant scientific problem.

This study was designed as an experimental laboratory investigation in which 30 raw milk samples obtained from different sources were analyzed. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was applied as a confirmatory method for the detection and verification of antibiotic residues. Within the study, antibiotics belonging to the β-lactam, tetracycline, and sulfonamide groups were identified on the basis of retention time agreement and chromatographic peak characteristics, and their concentrations were calculated using calibration curves. The obtained results were compared with internationally accepted maximum residue limits (MRLs).

According to the analytical results, antibiotic residues were detected in 60% of the milk samples (18 samples), while in 4 samples (13.3%) the antibiotic concentrations were close to or exceeded the MRL values. The HPLC method demonstrated high sensitivity, selectivity, and repeatability, confirming its reliability for quantitative determination of antibiotic residues in complex matrices such as milk.

The novelty of this study lies in the quantitative assessment of antibiotic residues in milk under local conditions using a modern confirmatory instrumental method and in the evaluation of milk safety by comparing the obtained data with international MRL requirements. The results scientifically justify the need to strengthen veterinary control and introduce regular laboratory monitoring throughout the milk production chain.

Canopy architecture is an important orchard-management factor affecting light distribution, fruiting surface, and yield efficiency in Chinese jujube. This study evaluated the effects of four canopy training systems on the yield of four Chinese jujube cultivars - Zanhuangdazao, Junzao, Xiangzao, and Linyilizao - grafted on Ziziphus acidojujuba rootstock. Trees planted in 2018 at 4.0 x 3.0 m spacing were assessed during 2023-2025 under four training treatments: free-growing control, open-center (vase), sparse-tier, and bush form. Yield was recorded as kg tree-1 and converted to t ha-1. Across cultivars, the sparse-tier system consistently produced the highest three-year mean yield. Averaged over the four cultivars, field yield reached 12.80 t ha-1 under sparse-tier training compared with 9.93 t ha-1 in the free-growing control, corresponding to a 29.0% increase. The open-center system also improved productivity, averaging 11.03 t ha-1 (+11.1% versus control), whereas the bush form averaged 9.43 t ha-1 (-5.0%). Cultivar-specific responses were strongest in Linyilizao, where sparse-tier training increased the three-year mean field yield from 8.69 to 12.08 t ha-1 (about 39%). Zanhuangdazao showed the highest absolute productivity, reaching 13.66-13.70 t ha-1 under sparse-tier training. The results demonstrate that canopy training substantially modifies yield performance in Chinese jujube and that sparse-tier architecture provides the most stable yield advantage across the evaluated cultivars. These findings support cultivar-aware canopy management as a practical strategy for improving orchard productivity in grafted jujube plantings.

In this article, the issue of creating a differential equation of fiber movement in determining the microneural index of cotton fibers using a universal tool is considered. In the study, the effects of electrostatic force, gravity and acoustic pressure affecting the movement of cotton fibers in the acoustic chamber were theoretically analyzed. Differential equations representing the movement of fibers were created, and based on their solutions, the laws of vertical movement of fibers were determined. Also, the effect of acoustic impact of different frequencies on fibers on their movement, amplitude and energy was analyzed through graphs. The obtained results allow to increase the efficiency of using the acoustic method in determining the microneural index of cotton fiber and to improve the fiber sorting process.

Mespilus germanica L. (common medlar) is a deciduous shrub or small tree of the Rosaceae family traditionally valued as a fruit crop but also possessing considerable ornamental potential. Despite its long history of cultivation and successful introduction into different climatic regions, its use as a landscape plant remains relatively limited, particularly in Uzbekistan. The present review evaluates the ornamental characteristics, ecological adaptability, phenological behavior, and potential landscape applications of M. germanica under the climatic conditions of Uzbekistan. Published scientific literature, dendrological sources, and results of long-term introduction studies conducted at the Tashkent Botanical Garden and in Southern Uzbekistan were analyzed. The species combines several ornamental features, including a compact tree habit, dense dark-green foliage, large white flowers, decorative fruits, seasonal foliage coloration, and a prolonged reproductive period. Observations from the Tashkent Botanical Garden demonstrate successful adaptation of the species to local conditions. Historical observations recorded flowering from 18 April to 1 May in 1969, whereas observations in 2023 showed flowering from 23 March to 27 April. Fruit development extended from late spring to late autumn. The species also demonstrates tolerance to heat, drought, partial shade, and relatively low soil moisture, which are important characteristics for ornamental horticulture under the continental and increasingly arid conditions of Uzbekistan. Evidence from Southern Uzbekistan further indicates that M. germanica exhibits a relatively short period of active shoot growth, which may represent an adaptive strategy to summer heat and water limitation. The available evidence suggests that M. germanica is a promising multifunctional species for solitary planting, landscape groups, green hedges, recreational areas, botanical collections, and ecological landscaping in Uzbekistan. Nevertheless, systematic evaluation of genotypic diversity, crown architecture, flowering intensity, fruit coloration, seasonal decorative value, and resistance to urban environmental stresses remains necessary.

The growth-stimulating potential of four salt-tolerant Bacillus strains (B. subtilis 7А, 9А, 10А and B. proteolyticus 33S) on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) was studied in vitro. Seed inoculation with the strains significantly increased germination, shoot and root length, as well as fresh and dry weight compared to the control. The most pronounced growth-promoting effect was observed with the B. proteolyticus 33S strain, which increased shoot length by 4.9 cm, root length by 2.72 cm, fresh weight by 0.20 g, and dry weight by 0.03 g relative to the control. The obtained results allow us to recommend the studied strains for further research with the aim of their future use in microbial biopreparations aimed at stimulating plant growth and improving the properties of saline soils.

The article presents the results of studies on the physical and mechanical properties of the soil of fields intended for cucurbit crop cultivation before planting. The fields are cultivated by dehkan and фермер хозяйства of the republic. During the research, the soil hardness, moisture content, and density of pre-tilled fields, as well as the dimensions of the formed ridges, were determined in accordance with current GOST standards and regulatory documents. The obtained results will serve as the basis for the development of a new combined агрегат for transplanting cucurbit crop seedlings.

This study evaluated the agrobiological efficiency of mineral and micronutrient fertigation in cucumber cultivation under drip irrigation conditions. The experiments investigated the effects of applying NPK fertilizers at different application rates and growth stages, as well as their combination with micronutrient fertilizers, on the growth, development, and yield of cucumber. The results demonstrated that the distribution of mineral fertilizers according to phenological growth stages and their combined application with micronutrients improved nutrient uptake by the plants. The highest agrobiological and economic efficiency was achieved in the treatment where the scientifically recommended NPK rate was applied in combination with micronutrient fertilizers. It was also established that even with a partial reduction in the rate of mineral fertilizers, high yield and production efficiency could be maintained through the use of micronutrients. The findings provide a scientific basis for improving resource-efficient, environmentally sustainable, and highly effective fertigation systems for cucumber cultivation.

The article gives a botanical description, biology, growth and development, flowering, reproduction, chemical composition, use in everyday life in medicine, in the elimination of rodents, as well as harvesting and storage, diseases and pests of green-flowered black corn - Cynoglossum viridiflorum Pall.ex. Lehm. In the Republic of Karakalpakstan.

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is one of the world's major sources of protein and vegetable oil, while its yield and seed quality are highly sensitive to water deficit. The effects of drought are not limited to yield reduction; drought also alters leaf water status, gas exchange, the photosynthetic apparatus, oxidative stress, osmotic adjustment, antioxidant defense, root architecture, seed protein and oil contents, and the fatty acid profile. The aim of this review is to systematize physiological, biochemical, seed-quality, molecular-genetic, and high-throughput phenotyping methods used for the comprehensive assessment of drought adaptation in soybean genotypes. In modern approaches, selection based on a single trait is insufficient; greater precision can be achieved by integrating relative water content, leaf water potential, photosynthesis and stomatal conductance, chlorophyll fluorescence, proline, malondialdehyde and antioxidant enzymes with NIR-based protein and oil analysis, gas-chromatographic fatty acid profiling, qRT-PCR/RNA-seq, GWAS, metabolomics, UAV multispectral imaging, and machine-learning methods. Analysis of the literature indicates that the most appropriate strategy for identifying drought-tolerant genotypes is the joint evaluation of yield retention under stress, physiological stability, and seed-quality traits.

This article examines the biological characteristics, morphology, karyotype, and legal status of Cannabis sativa L. in Uzbekistan. The structural and functional features of the root system, stem, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds are comprehensively described. Particular attention is given to cytogenetic characteristics, including the organization of metacentric and submetacentric chromosomes, nucleolar organizer regions, and the chromosomal mechanism of sex determination. Biological and morphological distinctions among Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica, and Cannabis ruderalis are comparatively analyzed. In addition, the regulatory framework governing the cultivation and utilization of industrial cannabis in the Republic of Uzbekistan, together with international practices, is reviewed. The study emphasizes that modern genomic and biotechnological approaches considerably expand the potential applications of cannabis in medicine, industry, and agriculture.