Volume 8.
Issue 2.

The accelerating growth of unstructured textual data across scientific, social, medical, and technological domains has created an unprecedented demand for intelligent systems capable of extracting meaningful, concise, and semantically rich information. Among these tasks, keyword extraction and semantic similarity modeling occupy a central role because they directly enable indexing, retrieval, sentiment analysis, document classification, question answering, and automated knowledge generation. Despite decades of research, the complexity of language, the heterogeneity of domains, and the short and noisy nature of many modern texts continue to challenge both classical and neural approaches. This study develops a comprehensive, integrative research framework that synthesizes classical keyword extraction algorithms, text similarity metrics, and state-of-the-art deep learning architectures to advance the theoretical and empirical understanding of automated semantic intelligence. Drawing strictly upon the referenced literature, this work connects statistical, graph-based, rule-based, and transformer-based approaches into a unified conceptual ecosystem.

The paper begins by positioning keyword extraction as a foundational problem in natural language engineering, grounded in issues of domain specificity, semantic ambiguity, and linguistic variability, as elaborated by Firoozeh et al. (2020) and Miah et al. (2021). Classical unsupervised techniques such as RAKE, SOBEK, and TextRank are explored not merely as algorithms but as epistemic devices that encode assumptions about term relevance, co-occurrence, and discourse structure (Huang et al., 2020; Reategui et al., 2022; Huang & Xie, 2021). These methods are then contrasted with modern deep learning paradigms such as BERT-based architectures and transformer-driven neural taggers, which model language through contextual embeddings and attention mechanisms that capture long-range semantic dependencies (Tang et al., 2019; Martinc et al., 2021).

A central theoretical contribution of this study is the articulation of text similarity as the conceptual bridge between keyword extraction, sentiment analysis, and semantic understanding. By integrating similarity measures such as Jaccard, embedding-based similarity, and semantic alignment, the article demonstrates how relevance, polarity, and conceptual cohesion can be modeled in a single analytical framework (Fernando & Herath, 2021; Mohler et al., 2011; Amur et al., 2023). The methodological section proposes a hybrid pipeline in which neural models generate contextual representations, while symbolic and statistical methods refine and validate extracted keywords against domain knowledge and prior public information (Huang & Xie, 2021; Jain et al., 2022).

The results are described through an extensive comparative analysis of how classical, hybrid, and deep learning approaches perform across domains such as scientific literature, social media, and biomedical texts. The findings show that deep neural architectures excel in capturing semantic nuance, while hybrid methods grounded in similarity metrics and domain knowledge improve precision, interpretability, and robustness to noise (Dang et al., 2020; Imran et al., 2020; Blake & Mangiameli, 2011). The discussion critically examines the implications of these findings for automated question generation, sentiment detection, and knowledge extraction in complex domains such as healthcare and education (Gilal et al., 2022; Alaggio et al., 2022).

By offering an integrated, theory-driven synthesis of keyword extraction, semantic similarity, and deep learning, this article contributes a comprehensive foundation for future research and applied systems. It argues that the future of text analytics lies not in the dominance of any single algorithmic paradigm, but in the strategic orchestration of symbolic, statistical, and neural intelligence into adaptive, explainable, and domain-aware semantic engines.

This study examines changes in salinity and agrochemical parameters of light sierozem soils at experimental site No. 2 near a 500 kV power transmission line in the Fergana Valley. The site has a soil bonitet rating of 58. The aim was to assess changes in soil parameters during 2023–2025 and identify differences between the 0–20 and 20–40 cm layers. A comparative analysis was conducted of humus content, pH, phosphorus and potassium contents expressed as P₂O₅ and K₂O, and salinity. During the study period, salinity increased from 0.38 to 0.42% in the upper layer and from 0.43 to 0.47% in the lower layer. Humus content decreased from 1.10 to 1.05% and from 0.82 to 0.76%, respectively, while pH increased from 7.70 to 7.90 and from 7.90 to 8.10. P₂O₅ content decreased from 22 to 20 mg/kg in the 0–20 cm layer and from 16 to 14 mg/kg in the 20–40 cm layer; K₂O content decreased from 255 to 240 and from 225 to 210 mg/kg, respectively. Throughout the observation period, the lower layer had higher salinity and pH but lower humus, phosphorus and potassium contents. The findings show concurrent increases in salinity and pH and decreases in humus and nutrient contents. Establishing the contribution of electromagnetic exposure to these changes requires field measurements, comparison with a control site, and consideration of the water regime and agricultural management practices.

This article presents the results of a study on the physiological characteristics of water exchange in corn varieties under varying soil moisture conditions. The findings indicate that the physiological activity and water exchange traits of the studied corn varieties differ depending on soil moisture levels and their inherent biological characteristics. Variations were observed in transpiration intensity and overall physiological responses under different moisture regimes. Under water deficit conditions, the Andijon-36 and Yangiobod varieties demonstrated higher productivity compared to other varieties. These results provide a scientific basis for identifying relatively drought-tolerant corn varieties suitable for cultivation under arid and semi-arid conditions.

In the present study, correlation and regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the impact of yellow rust disease on total gluten and protein content in widely cultivated wheat varieties of Uzbekistan and synthetic hexaploid wheat genotypes. The results demonstrated that the influence of yellow rust on grain quality traits was more pronounced in synthetic hexaploid lines compared to released cultivars. In released cultivars, yellow rust severity explained 38.25% of the variation in total gluten content and 16.34% of the variation in protein content. In synthetic hexaploid lines, yellow rust accounted for 20.18% of the variation in gluten content and 25.42% of the variation in protein content. However, the moderate coefficients of determination indicate that grain quality formation is governed by complex and multifactorial interactions beyond the effect of disease severity alone.