Volume 8.
Issue 2.

The object and subject of crime constitute foundational categories of criminal law theory, shaping the understanding of criminal liability, the structure of corpus delicti, and the qualification of criminal acts. Despite their long-standing presence in legal doctrine, these concepts remain among the most debated and methodologically complex in both continental and post-Soviet criminal law traditions. This article undertakes an extensive theoretical and doctrinal analysis of the object and subject of crime, tracing their historical evolution from classical criminal law thought to modern interpretations under conditions of market relations, information society, and evolving judicial practice. Drawing strictly on authoritative doctrinal works, judicial resolutions, and comparative theoretical materials reflected in the provided references, the study elaborates the internal structure of the object of crime, its correlation with social relations, legal goods, and interests protected by criminal law, as well as the multifaceted understanding of the subject of crime as a material or immaterial bearer of criminal encroachment. Particular attention is paid to Soviet and post-Soviet scholarly debates, including disagreements over the distinction between object and subject, their role in the mechanism of criminal harm, and their significance for crime qualification. The article also examines special categories such as information, securities, symbols, and victims, demonstrating how technological and socio-economic transformations challenge traditional doctrinal boundaries. Judicial interpretations, including those of supreme courts, are analyzed to illustrate the practical implications of theoretical positions. The study argues for a nuanced, integrative approach that preserves doctrinal continuity while accommodating contemporary realities. By synthesizing classical theory, modern scholarship, and judicial practice, this article contributes to a deeper understanding of the object and subject of crime as dynamic legal categories essential for coherent criminal law doctrine and effective law enforcement.

SAARC is a contradiction in terms for the entire region, with common vulnerabilities but no (real) momentum for unity. This essay explains how vested geopolitical competition and organisational structural inertia have consistently subverted regionalism in the region. Through a digitally-enabled mixed-methods approach, the paper combines quantitative outcome measures of programmes with qualitative thematic analysis of interviews with senior policy-makers. The principal findings are that SAARC is crippled by operational inactivity, largely the result of the India-Pakistan standoff and rigid consensual voting institutions that have forced its members to pursue extraregional alternatives. The paper concludes that SAARC must move to a flexible, multilayered integration model and shift from transactional bilateralism to practical, transformative multilateralism. The paper introduces a novel data-based comparative approach to ASEAN’s successful model. It suggests a new kind of issue-oriented, sector-specific cooperation, in addition to modular ‘economic corridors,’ with which to eventually break out of the region’s entrenched developmental stagnation and institutional paralysis/mistrust.

The article examines the theoretical and legal aspects of the influence of international legal norms in the field of intellectual property on national legislation. It analyzes the main doctrines governing the relationship between international and domestic law, namely monism and dualism, as well as their evolution in the context of globalization and the development of the international trading system. Special attention is paid to the mechanisms for implementing international legal norms into national legal systems, including incorporation, transformation, adaptation, and unification. The author substantiates the importance of an effective domestic implementation mechanism for ensuring the fulfillment of states’ international obligations in the field of intellectual property. The study concludes that further development of the theoretical and methodological framework for researching the implementation of international norms is essential for improving national legislation and strengthening the protection of intellectual property rights.

This article analyzes the interconnection between entrepreneurship and economic relations within the framework of public diplomacy, focusing on historical experiences and modern trends. Drawing on historical case studies and contemporary data, the author demonstrates the significant role of merchants and entrepreneurs in cultural, social, and political interactions across nations. Entrepreneurs are evaluated as key actors in public diplomacy. The study also highlights recent developments in paradiplomacy and sister city partnerships. Using Uzbekistan as a case study, the impact of national entrepreneurship and handicrafts on international cooperation and diplomacy is explored.

The article examines the role of the principles of civil procedural law in ensuring a fair trial as one of the key elements of the right to judicial protection. The essence, content, and significance of the fundamental principles of civil procedure – such as legality, judicial independence, adversarial proceedings and equality of the parties, publicity, dispositiveness, and procedural economy—are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to their functional role in shaping a fair, transparent, and effective procedure for the consideration of civil cases. Based on an analysis of procedural legislation and judicial practice, it is substantiated that the principles of civil procedural law serve as system-forming foundations that ensure a balance between public and private interests, equality of participants in the proceedings, and protection of their rights and legitimate interests. The article concludes that the consistent and comprehensive implementation of the principles of civil procedure is a necessary condition for enhancing public confidence in the judiciary and improving the effectiveness of justice.