AI, a technology, has grown from a technological innovation into a political power tool that is central to governance, governance, and international influence. In the modern world, AI systems help us produce, distribute and perceive information that changes the relations between citizens, governments, and state. This paper discusses the complex role that AI plays in global politics from election manipulation and propaganda to cyber warfare, digital surveillance and transnational crime. The passage suggests that politics is heard in today’s interconnected world, as AI technologies have permeated nearly all aspects of human interaction, teetering on the cusp of political communication, control, and persuasion via algorithmic and data-driven interactions. The research combines theoretical analysis and real-world validation using approaches such as technopolitics, algorithmic governance, political communication theory to provide an explanation of the role of AI as politically active actor and technological tool of power. The paper draws on case studies and examples of AI using countries and political entities to gain strategic advantage. In Russia AI has played a role in disinformation campaigns, false media manipulation and social media manipulation that aims to influence foreign elections and undermine democratic power. In the US, AI-driven data analytics and sentiment modeling has revolutionized political campaigns that allow users to target hyper-personalized voters while simultaneously being concerned with privacy and manipulation. In Bangladesh, it was reports about the Awami League’s use of AI-assisted bot networks and synthetic content in digital media that unshowhe growing use of artificial intelligence in shaping domestic political discourse.

Artificial Intelligence, Algorithmic Governance, Technopolitics, Disinformation, Cyber Warfare, Political Communication, Digital Surveillance, AI Ethics

Coeckelbergh, M. (2021). Green leviathan or the poetics of political liberty: Navigating freedom in the age of climate change and artificial intelligence. Routledge.

Liu, H. Y. (2018). The power structure of artificial intelligence. Law, Innovation and Technology, 10(2), 197-229.

Vandemeulebroucke, T. (2022). Review of Mark Coeckelbergh (2021). Green Leviathan or the Poetics of Political Liberty: Navigating Freedom in the Age of Climate Change and Artificial Intelligence: Abingdon and New York: Routledge. 150 pp. ISBN 9780367745998 (Hardcover).

Batool, A., Zowghi, D., & Bano, M. (2025). AI governance: a systematic literature review. AI & Ethics, 5, 3265–3279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-024-00653-w

Jungherr, A. (2023). Artificial intelligence and democracy: A conceptual framework. Social Media + Society, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051231186353

Tsertekidis, G., & Polyzoidis, P. (2024). Leveraging Artificial Intelligence in the Field of Social Policy against Social Inequalities: The Current Landscape. Journal of Politics and Ethics in New Technologies and AI. https://doi.org/10.12681/jpentai.38831

Nizov, V. (2025). The Artificial Intelligence Influence on Structure of Power: Long-Term Transformation. Legal Issues in the Digital Age, (2), 183-212. https://doi.org/10.17323/2713-2749.2025.2.183.212

Bukhari, M., & Anwar, S. (2025). The influence of AI on models of governance in authoritarian and democratic systems. Journal of Political Stability Archive, 3(1), 887-902. https://doi.org/10.63468/jpsa.3.1.53

Governance and artificial intelligence: the use of artificial intelligence in democracy and its impacts on the rights to participation.” (2025). Discover Artificial Intelligence, 5, 12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-025-00229-5

The sovereignty-internationalism paradox in AI governance: digital federalism and global algorithmic control.” (2025). Discover Artificial Intelligence, 5, 123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-025-00374-x

Schippers, B. (2020). Artificial Intelligence and Democratic Politics. Political Insight, 1, 32-35. https://doi.org/10.1177/2041905820911746

Carlsmith, J. (2022). Is power-seeking AI an existential risk?. arXiv preprint arXiv:2206.13353.

Coeckelbergh, M., & Sætra, H. S. (2023). Climate change and the political pathways of AI: The technocracy-democracy dilemma in light of artificial intelligence and human agency. Technology in Society, 75, 102406.

Ulbricht, L. (2024). Power in AI and public policy. In Handbook on Public Policy and Artificial Intelligence (pp. 40-52). Edward Elgar Publishing.

Sears, N. A. (2021). International politics in the age of existential threats. Journal of Global Security Studies, 6(3), ogaa027.

Sætra, H. S. (2020). A shallow defence of a technocracy of artificial intelligence: Examining the political harms of algorithmic governance in the domain of government. Technology in Society, 62, 101283.

Guihot, M., Matthew, A. F., & Suzor, N. P. (2017). Nudging robots: innovative solutions to regulate artificial intelligence. Vand. J. Ent. & Tech. L., 20, 385.

Lindgren, S., & Holmström, J. (2020). A social science perspective on artificial intelligence: Building blocks for a research agenda. Journal of digital social research, 2(3), 1-15.

Raza, A. (2025). Artificial Intelligence, National security, and. Constitutional Governance in the United States reinventing the rule of law in the Digital age. Geh press.

Ladiqi, S. (2025). Remaking the World: Technology, Power, and. Technology, Geopolitics, and the Transformation of International Political Economy, 1.

Cleverly, C. (2025). From Artificial Intelligence to Artificial Sapience: Governing Autonomous AI Research with Embedded Ethical Pluralism. Available at SSRN 5543898.

Joseph, J. (2025). The algorithmic self: how AI is reshaping human identity, introspection, and agency. Frontiers in Psychology, 16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1645795

Barnes, E., & Hutson, J. (2024). AI and the cognitive sense of self. Journal of Intelligent Communication, 3(1), 35–51. https://doi.org/10.54963/jic.v3i1.320

Laitinen, H., & Sahlgren, M. (2021). AI systems and respect for human autonomy. Minds and Machines, 31, 595–616. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-021-09579-2

Alyousef, A., & Omari, A. (2025). Ethically aligned artificial intelligence: Investigating algorithmic bias, human identity, and posthuman ethics through a data-driven philosophical lens. Journal of Posthumanism, 5(5), 204–216. https://doi doi.org/10.63332/joph.v5i5.1316

Quispe-Mamani, E., Salas-Ávila, D. A., Torres-Gonzales, T. P., Alvarez-Siguayro, R., Torres-Cruz, F., Collanqui, P. A., & Belizario-Quispe, G. (2025). Artificial Intelligence: An algorithmic mechanism of institutionalizing the social imaginaries of a dehumanized global society? Journal of Posthumanism, 5(5), 2013-2034. https://doi.org/10.63332/joph.v5i5.1593

Nizov, V. (2025). The Artificial Intelligence influence on structure of power: long-term transformation. Legal Issues in the Digital Age, (2), 183-212. https://doi.org/10.17323/2713-2749.2025.2.183.212

Bukhari, M., & Anwar, S. (2025). The influence of AI on models of governance in authoritarian and democratic systems. Journal of Political Stability Archive, 3(1), 887-902. https://doi.org/10.63468/jpsa.3.1.53

Governance and artificial intelligence: the use of artificial intelligence in democracy and its impacts on the rights to participation.” (2025). Discover Artificial Intelligence, 5, article 12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-025-00229-5

A roadmap for governing AI: technology governance and power-sharing liberalism.” (2025). AI and Ethics, 5, 3355–3377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-024-00635-y

AI governance: a systematic literature review.” (2025). AI and Ethics, 5, 3265–3279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-024-00653-w

Jungherr, A. (2023). Artificial intelligence and democracy: A conceptual framework. Social Media + Society, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051231186353

Bukhari, M., & Anwar, S. (2025). The influence of AI on models of governance in authoritarian and democratic systems. Journal of Political Stability Archive, 3(1), 887-902. https://doi.org/10.63468/jpsa.3.1.53

Savaget, P., Chiarini, T., & Evans, S. (2019). Empowering political participation through artificial intelligence. Science and Public Policy, 46(3), 369-380. https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scy064

Battista, D. (2024). Political communication in the age of artificial intelligence: An overview of deepfakes and their implications. Society Register, 8(2), 01-???. https://doi.org/10.14746/sr.2024.8.2.01

Aveiro, J., Espírito Santo, P., & Melão, N. (2021). Influence of artificial intelligence on public employment and its impact on politics: A systematic literature review. Brazilian Journal of Operations & Production Management, (special issue), ???-???. https://doi.org/10.14488/BJOPM.2021.010

Essay-type reference: “Governance and artificial intelligence: The use of artificial intelligence in democracy and its impacts on the rights to participation.” (2025). Discover Artificial Intelligence, 5, article 12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-025-00229-5

Fatimah, A. F. (2025). Political implications of artificial intelligence in governance. Journal of Political Innovation and Analysis, 1(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.59261/jpia.v1i1.1

Muslim, S. T. (2025). The impact of artificial intelligence on political decision-making: selected models. The International and Political Journal, 62, 355-386. https://doi.org/10.31272/ipj.i62.424

McKinney, S. (2024). Integrating artificial intelligence into citizens’ assemblies: Benefits, concerns and future pathways. Journal of Deliberative Democracy, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.16997/jdd.1556

Batool, A., Zowghi, D., & Bano, M. (2025). AI governance: A systematic literature review. AI and Ethics, 5, 3265-3279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-024-00653-w

Jungherr, A. (2023). Artificial intelligence and democracy: A conceptual framework. Social Media + Society, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051231186353

Bukhari, M., & Anwar, S. (2025). The influence of AI on models of governance in authoritarian and democratic systems. Journal of Political Stability Archive, 3(1), 887-902. https://doi.org/10.63468/jpsa.3.1.53

Battista, D. (2024). Political communication in the age of artificial intelligence: An overview of deepfakes and their implications. Society Register, 8(2), 01-???. https://doi.org/10.14746/sr.2024.8.2.01

Fatimah, A. F. (2025). Political implications of artificial intelligence in governance. Journal of Political Innovation and Analysis, 1(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.59261/jpia.v1i1.1

Gbadebo, A. D. (2025). Harnessing artificial intelligence for governance efficiency in FCT, Abuja. Journal of Social Political Sciences, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.52166/jsps.v6i2.274

Widaningsih, …, Shoum Abdurrahman, …, & Busairi, H. (2025). Artificial intelligence and cybersecurity governance: Comparative insights into national defense strategies. Politeia: Journal of Public Administration and Political Science and International Relations, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.61978/politeia.v3i2.830

Shokri, A., Rezaeian, A., & Keramati, M. A. (2025). Futurology of artificial intelligence governance in a smart government for achieving a sustainable and efficient structure for utilizing advanced technologies. Management Strategies and Engineering Sciences Journal, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.61838/msesj.6.2.11

Nizov, V. (2025). The artificial intelligence influence on structure of power: Long‐Term transformation. Legal Issues in the Digital Age, (2), 183-212. https://doi.org/10.17323/2713-2749.2025.2.183.212

Batool, A., Zowghi, D., & Bano, M. (2025). AI governance: A systematic literature review. AI and Ethics, 5, 3265–3279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-024-00653-w

The authors. (2025). Governance and artificial intelligence: The use of artificial intelligence in democracy and its impacts on the rights to participation. Discover Artificial Intelligence, 5, Article 12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-025-00229-5

The authors. (2025). A roadmap for governing AI: Technology governance and power-sharing liberalism. AI and Ethics, 5, 3355–3377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-024-00635-y

Wong, H. Y. (2025). Interrogating artificial agency. Frontiers in Psychology, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1449320

Spennemann, D. H. R. (2024). Generative artificial intelligence, human agency and the future of cultural heritage. Heritage, 7(7), 3597-3609. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7070170

The authors. (2024). Tools with general AI and no existential risk. AI Ethics, 4, 345-352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-023-00271-y

The authors. (2025). Conceptualising the emergence of Agentic Urban AI: From automation to agency. Urban Informatics, 4, Article 13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44212-025-00079-7

Hilliard, A., Kazim, E., & Ledain, S. (2025). Are the robots taking over? On AI and perceived existential risk. AI and Ethics, 5, 2929-2942. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-024-00600-9

The authors. (2024). Governing with Intelligence: The impact of artificial intelligence on policy development. Information, 15(9), 556. https://doi.org/10.3390/info15090556

The authors. (2025). Artificial intelligence and cyber-security governance: Comparative insights into national defense strategies. Politeia, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.61978/politeia.v3i2.83

The authors. (2025). The Artificial Intelligence Influence on Structure of Power: Long-Term Transformation. Legal Issues in the Digital Age, (2), 183-212. https://doi.org/10.17323/2713-2749.2025.2.183.212

The authors. (2024). Governance and artificial intelligence: the use of artificial intelligence in democracy and its impacts on the rights to participation. Discover Artificial Intelligence, 5, Article 12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-025-00229-5

Shibuya, K. (2020). Digital transformation of identity in the age of artificial intelligence (No. 172558). Berlin, Germany: Springer.

Hoijtink, M., & Leese, M. (Eds.). (2019). Technology and agency in international relations. London: Routledge.

Balasescu, A. (2025). Climate Change in the Age of Artificial Intelligence: Nature, Culture and the Politics of Technology. Springer Nature.

Hill, C. (2024). Artificial Intelligence as the Next Front in the Class War (Master's thesis, Portland State University).

O’Doherty, D. (2020). The Leviathan of rationality: Using film to develop creativity and imagination in management learning and education. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 19(3), 366-384.

Karp, A. C., & Zamiska, N. W. (2025). The technological republic: Hard power, soft belief, and the future of the West. Random House.

Kim, Y. Meta-Evaluating “AI Chernobyl and the Collapse of Civilization”: The Balance of Creation, Critique, and Credibility.

Sears, N. A. (2020). Anarchy, Technology, and the Self-Destruction Hypothesis: Human Survival and the Fermi Paradox. World Futures, 76(8), 579-610.

Grant, D. (2024). Populism, Artificial Intelligence and Law: A New Understanding of the Dynamics of the Present (p. 274). Taylor & Francis.

Sinnreich, A., & Gilbert, J. (2024). The secret life of data: Navigating hype and uncertainty in the age of algorithmic surveillance. MIT Press.

Penn, J. (2021). Inventing intelligence: On the history of complex information processing and artificial intelligence in the United States in the mid-twentieth century (Doctoral dissertation).