The behavior of ion interactions during low saline water flooding in sandstone reservoirs plays a crucial role in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes. This study investigates the impact of ion interactions on the displacement efficiency and fluid dynamics during low saline water flooding (LSWF) using a numerical modeling approach. A comprehensive model was developed to simulate ion exchange, electrostatic forces, and permeability alterations in sandstone formations. Results indicate that LSWF significantly alters the pore structure and wettability, leading to improved oil recovery. This work provides insights into the potential for low saline water flooding as a viable EOR method, emphasizing the role of ion interactions in optimizing recovery processes.

This study examines the conceptual models for optimizing infrastructure solutions for ISPs based on cloud technologies. The relevance of this research is justified by the rapid technological advancements that serve as the foundation for infrastructure solutions in internet service providers (ISPs). Their optimization requires a systematic approach that considers load balancing, distributed data storage, security issues, and regulatory aspects. However, there are contradictions in the scientific literature regarding optimization methods. The goal of this article is to systematize the understanding of conceptual models for optimizing ISP solutions, taking into account modern cloud technologies and their evolution. The conducted analysis identified key research directions and existing gaps in studying the interrelationship between technical, economic, and legal factors. As a result, an author's perspective was formulated on the prospects of integrating cloud solutions into ISP infrastructure, considering scalability efficiency, fault tolerance, and information security. This includes deep integration of analytical tools, synergy with quantum computing technologies, and standardization unification. The presented materials will be useful for researchers in the field of digitalization, network technology specialists, internet service providers, and developers of relevant platforms.

As microservices proliferate in enterprise architectures, ensuring reliable interactions between independently developed services is paramount. Traditional end-to-end and integration testing techniques often fail to scale in dynamic, decentralized environments. Consumer-driven contract testing, as enabled by the open-source tool PACT, offers a structured methodology to verify service interactions against predefined contracts. This paper introduces the principles of contract testing, examines PACT in depth, compares it with other frameworks such as Spring Cloud Contract and Dredd, and presents a reproducible case study from a real-world e-commerce application. We demonstrate how PACT can significantly reduce production defects, improve developer autonomy, and enhance CI/CD integration, establishing it as a valuable approach for modern service validation.