Articles
| Open Access |
DOI: Thermomechanical methods of hardening chromium-molybdenum steel products
Utkir Mirzakamalovich Khalikulov , 56. E, Amir Temur Avenue, Olmaliq, AB NUST MISIS, UzbekistanAbstract
The article discusses the results of research dedicated to the thermomechanical processing of products made from chromium-molybdenum steel, similar to grade 35ХМЛ, but modified with vanadium as a modifier. The experiments were conducted under serial production conditions with the aim of improving the technological process. Within the framework of the study, a method was implemented where the forging process was combined with subsequent heat treatment, performed immediately after forging at a specialized station. This approach eliminates the need for re-heating of products, which significantly reduces energy consumption and enhances production efficiency.
During the cooling process of the products, it is necessary to maintain the optimal temperature regime to ensure a controlled exothermic phase transformation of austenite into pearlite. This allows for the formation of a balanced ferrite-pearlite structure, which provides the necessary mechanical properties, including the required hardness range.
The test results confirmed that the correct selection of the isothermal annealing temperature regime contributes to achieving stable operational characteristics of the products. The implementation of this technology in industrial production will significantly reduce energy consumption—by more than 80% compared to traditional heat treatment methods. In addition, eliminating re-heating reduces the overall manufacturing time, which contributes to increased productivity and a decrease in production costs.
Thus, the proposed technological method not only enhances the energy efficiency of production but also ensures the production of products with predictable mechanical properties. Its application in industry could play a key role in optimizing the processing of chromium-molybdenum steels, which is particularly important in the context of the drive to reduce costs and rational use of resources.
Keywords
Chromium-molybdenum steels, modifier, mechanical properties
References
S. Ghosh, Y. Kemi, S. Mula, Stress characteristics during tensile testing and design of an innovative three-stage multi-phase control thermomechanical treatment for the production of ultradispersed coarse-grained bulk steels, Mater. Des., 186 (2020) 108297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.108297
K. Huang, R. E. Loge, A review of dynamic recrystallization phenomena in metallic materials, Mater. Des., 111 (2016) 548-574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.09.012
M. Zwieżowski, Analysis of the possibilities of using forging heat in the processes of isothermal annealing of AISI 4140 alloy, Arch. Metall. Mater. (2020). https://doi.org/10.24425/amm.2020.132843.
L.A. Dobrzański, Podstawy nauki o materiałach i metaloznawstwo, Wydawnictwo Naukowo-Techniczne, 2012.
H. Kolpart, Metallography of Steels, ASM International, 2018. https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.tb.msisep.9781627082594.
P. Skubisz, A. Żak, M. Burdek, L. Lisiecki, P. Miczek, Development of controlled processing conditions for modified chromoly steel products made from microscale steels for the mining industry, Arch. Metall. Mater., 60 (2015) 445-453. https://doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0073.
A. Karmakar, S. Mukherjee, S. Kundu, D. Shrivastava, R. Mitra, D. Chakraborty, Effect of composition and isothermal holding temperature on dispersion strengthening in vanadium microalloyed steels, Mater. Charact., 132 (2017) 31-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2017.08.003.
M. Opiela, Thermomechanical treatment of products from modified chromoly steel, Met. Tech. New Tech., 11-12 (2017) 34-39. https://stal.elamed.pl/archiwum.
A. Di Skino, M. Corradi, Influence of quenching and tempering (Q&A) on chromium-molybdenum forging steels, Metallurgy. (2018).
L. Pezzato, K. Jennari, D. Chukin, M. Toldo, F. Sella, M. Toniolo, A. Zambon, K. Brunelli, M. D’Abala, Investigation of the influence of multiple tempering on the impact toughness of forged structural steel C-690, Metals (Basel), (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/met10040507.
D. H. Herring, The Importance of Normalizing, Forge Journal. (2011). https://www.forgemag.com/articles/83798-the-importance-of-normalizing.
Forging Product Design Guide 3.7.1.1 Steel Annealing Processes (n.d.). https://www.forging.org/forging/design/3711-annealing-processes-steel.html.
V. Javaheri, A. Pohlman, J. I. Aspergheim, D. Ivanov, D. Porter, Physically based modeling, characterization, and design of the induction hardening process of new steel for slurry pipes, Mater. Des., 182 (2019) 108047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.108047.
J. L. Dossett, G. E. Totten, Quenching and thermal treatment fundamentals, in: J. L. Dossett, G. E. Totten (Eds.), Heat Treatment: Irons & Steels, ASM International, 2014. https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.hb.v04d.9781627081689.
S. Ebner, K. Suppan, A. Stark, R. Schnitzer, K. Hofer, Austenite decomposition and carbon partitioning during heat treatment quenching and partitioning by in situ X-ray diffraction, Mater. Des., 178 (2019) 107862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.107862.
Forging and Direct Heat Treatment Processes and Technologies, in Heat Treatment. Cast Iron & Steels, ASM International, 2014: pp. 241-252. https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.hb.v04d.a0005994.
K. Funatani, Heat Treatment of Automotive Components: Current Status and Future Trends, Indian Institute (2004).
V. Javaheri, N. Khodaye, A. Kaijalainen, D. Porter, Effect of niobium and phase transformation temperature on microstructure and texture of a new steel thermomechanically treated at 0.40° C, Mater. Charact., 142 (2018) 295-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2018.05.056.
J. Adamjik, A. Graysar, Heat Treatment of Structural Steel Plates with a Ferritic-Martensitic Microstructure, in: 11th Int. Sci. Conf. Advances in Mechanics and Materials, 2002: pp. 1-6.
A. Biradar, R. Rassivashya, J. Soni, M. Orlovska, R. M., Thermomechanical Bonding of Al-6063 Strips in Rolls, J. Alloys Compd., 855 (2021) 157401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.157401.
O. Engler, J. Hirsch, Texture Control by Thermomechanical Processing of Al-Mg-Si Sheet Alloys for the Automotive Industry - A Review, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, (2002). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(01)01968-2.
P. H. C. Pereira Da Cunha, K. E. Fortis Kvitnewski, D. B. Ferreira, M. F. Caragnato, Metallurgical Analysis of Controlled Cooling of a Hot Stamped Part, in: 65th ABM International Congress, 18th IFHTSE Congr. 1st TMS/ABM Int. Mater. Congr. 2010, 2010.
Gronostajski, M. Gavrylyuk, P. Yablonsky, M. Zwieżowski, A. Barelkovsky, P. Vidomsky, Influence of Heat Treatment of Modified Chromoly Steel Products Directly from the Forging Temperature on Their Properties, Arch. Metall. Mater. (2020). https://doi.org/10.24425/amm.2020.132807.
D. J. Naylor, Review of International Activities in Microalloyed Engineering Steels, Ironmak. Steelmak., (1989).
V. Podvysotsky, Y. Opara, A. Vrozhina, V. Zaletsky, R. Kuzyak, Modeling Thermomechanical Processes in Hot Forging and Predicting the Mechanical Properties of Products, Comput. Methods Mater. Sci., 11 (2011) 229-236.
Article Statistics
Copyright License
Copyright (c) 2025 Utkir Mirzakamalovich Khalikulov
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors retain the copyright of their manuscripts, and all Open Access articles are disseminated under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC-BY), which licenses unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is appropriately cited. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, and so forth in this publication, even if not specifically identified, does not imply that these names are not protected by the relevant laws and regulations.