The partial volume effect (PVE) in positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging leads to inaccurate quantification of radiotracer uptake, particularly in small structures or regions with low activity. This study proposes a method for calculating recovery coefficients (RCs) to correct for the PVE in PET/CT images using a customized anthropomorphic body phantom. The phantom was designed to replicate human body anatomy, including various organs and tissues, with controlled activity distributions. PET/CT scans were acquired at different spatial resolutions, and the RCs were derived by comparing the measured and true activity concentrations. Our findings demonstrate that the RCs vary based on the size and shape of the region of interest (ROI) and the resolution of the PET scan. These recovery coefficients can be applied to improve quantitative accuracy in PET/CT imaging, particularly for small lesions and organs. The results highlight the effectiveness of using a customized anthropomorphic phantom for PVE correction and the potential clinical benefits of this method in diagnostic imaging.

In the course of our trials conducted in plum orchards located in Tashkent and Samarkand regions, the resistance of 17 plum (Prunus domestica) cultivars to the plum fruit moth (Grapholita funebrana) was evaluated. As a result, resistant, moderately resistant, and susceptible cultivars were identified. Among them, the cultivars ‘Black Diamond’ and ‘Black Amber’ demonstrated resistance to the pest, while ‘Fortune’, ‘Stanley’, and ‘Friar’ were classified as moderately resistant, showing fruit infestation levels ranging between 25–30%.

To determine the insecticidal activity of TRANIL 20% EC against the cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera Hbn), which causes significant damage to cotton crops in our country, field trials were conducted using a dosage rate of 0.2 liters per hectare. The results of the trial showed that by the 7th day, the effectiveness of the preparation reached 89.1%.

Pathophysiology serves as a cornerstone in medical education, bridging the gap between basic biomedical sciences and clinical practice. It equips students with the knowledge to understand the mechanisms of disease, which is essential for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. However, the teaching of pathophysiology often faces significant challenges, including the complexity of the subject matter, variability in instructional methods, and the need for active student engagement. To address these challenges, there is a pressing need to develop standardized and stable pedagogical technologies that can ensure consistent, high-quality education across diverse learning environments.

This article explores the principles and strategies for designing such pedagogical technologies, with a focus on enhancing student learning outcomes in pathophysiology. The proposed framework emphasizes the integration of active learning methodologies, such as problem-based learning (PBL), case-based discussions, and clinical simulations, which encourage critical thinking and the practical application of knowledge. Additionally, the use of digital tools—such as virtual labs, interactive 3D models, and online learning platforms—is highlighted as a means to increase accessibility, engagement, and retention of complex concepts.

A key component of the proposed approach is the standardization of the pathophysiology curriculum, ensuring that core learning objectives are clearly defined and uniformly implemented across institutions. This standardization is complemented by a robust assessment framework that includes both formative and summative evaluations, providing students with timely feedback and enabling educators to monitor progress effectively.

To illustrate the practical application of these principles, a case study is presented, detailing the implementation of a standardized pathophysiology course at a medical university. The course incorporated active learning strategies, digital tools, and a structured assessment system, resulting in significant improvements in student performance and satisfaction.

In conclusion, the development of standardized and stable pedagogical technologies for teaching pathophysiology is crucial for advancing medical education. By adopting evidence-based strategies and leveraging modern educational tools, educators can create a more engaging and effective learning environment. This, in turn, prepares students to apply their knowledge in clinical settings, ultimately improving patient care. Future research should focus on the long-term impact of these technologies on clinical competence and patient outcomes, as well as their adaptability to different educational contexts.