This study explores the influence of different nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) levels on the growth and development of ratoon banana plants. Ratoon cropping is a common practice in banana cultivation, and optimizing nutrient management is crucial for sustainable production. Through controlled experiments, the research examines the effects of varying N and P concentrations on plant height, leaf area, flowering, and yield parameters. The results provide insights into the specific nutrient requirements of ratoon banana plants, aiding in the formulation of effective fertilization strategies for enhanced growth and productivity.

This research investigates consumers' demand functions for cut-flower products through a case study conducted in Punjab, Pakistan. Understanding consumers' preferences and behaviours is essential for effective market analysis and strategic decision-making. The study employs econometric modelling to estimate demand functions, considering factors such as price, income, and socio-demographic variables. Through surveys and data analysis, the research quantifies the responsiveness of consumers to changes in prices and income levels. The findings provide valuable insights into consumer preferences, price elasticity, and market dynamics for cut-flower products in the Punjab region of Pakistan.

The global cut-flower industry is a significant component of the horticultural sector, contributing to economic development and providing aesthetic and cultural value. This study investigates consumers' demand functions for cut-flower products in Punjab, Pakistan, shedding light on the preferences, purchasing behaviour, and socioeconomic factors that influence floral consumption patterns in this region.

Through a rigorous survey and data analysis, we examine the determinants of demand for cut flowers, considering factors such as income, price, cultural influences, and seasonality. The study utilizes econometric models to estimate price elasticities and income elasticities of demand, offering insights into the responsiveness of consumers to price changes and shifts in income.

Preliminary findings reveal that cut-flower consumption in Punjab exhibits price elasticity, suggesting that consumers are sensitive to changes in flower prices. Furthermore, income elasticity results indicate that cut-flower consumption tends to increase with rising incomes, signalling a potential growth opportunity for the local floral industry as the region experiences economic development.

Cultural and seasonal factors also play a significant role in shaping consumer preferences, with particular flower varieties being favoured for specific occasions and festivals. Understanding these cultural nuances is vital for local flower growers and retailers to cater to consumer demand effectively.

This research contributes to the horticultural and agricultural sectors by providing valuable insights into consumer behaviour within the cut-flower market. By comprehensively analysing consumers' demand functions, policymakers, growers, and marketers can make informed decisions regarding pricing strategies, marketing campaigns, and product divers.